SRF 24b0dccf4673435ca37c960e31e6eafc PDF
À propos / Télécharger Lire le document
Nom original: SRF__24b0dccf4673435ca37c960e31e6eafc.pdf
Titre: Microsoft Word - SRF_52096_8.docm
Auteur: 944834
Ce fichier au format PDF 1.7 a été généré par PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 / Acrobat Distiller 11.0 (Windows), et a été envoyé sur Fichier-PDF le 08/04/2018 à 21:20, depuis l'adresse IP 90.48.x.x.
La présente page de téléchargement du fichier a été vue 3516 fois.
Taille du document: 1.4 Mo (56 pages).
Confidentialité: fichier public
Aperçu du document
EQUITIES RESEARCH
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
The power-packed economics of EV batteries
Electric vehicle (EV) battery prices should fall from USD290/kWh in 2015 to USD97/kWh by 2020
driven by chemistry upgrades and economies of scale. Panasonic batteries (for Tesla) are the
cheapest per kWh at present, but the gap could narrow as LG Chem and SDI introduce higher energy
batteries at reduced costs.
Sub-USD100/kWh batteries would make EVs more competitive vs internal combustion engine (ICE)
vehicles, even without government subsidies. This would enable accelerated growth and an S-shaped
auto market penetration curve. Electric buses are already competitive vs conventional, diesel ones.
Beyond battery, plug-in and hybrid EVs (BEV, PHEV & HEV), we also see a large growth opportunity
for micro/mild hybrids as ICE carmakers target improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions via low
voltage systems (48V). We expect a fast transition to car electrification through a variety of formats. .
Peter Yu, CFA
peter.yu@asia.bnpparibas.com
+822 2125 0535
Yong Liang Por
yongliang.por@asia.bnpparibas.com
+852 2825 1877
Masahiro Wakasugi
masahiro.wakasugi@japan.bnpparibas.com
+813 6377 2240
Our research is available on Thomson One, Bloomberg, TheMarkets.com, Factset and on http://eqresearch.bnpparibas.com/index. Please contact your salesperson for authorisation.
Please see the important notice on the inside back cover.
PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY NON-US BROKER-DEALER(S): BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES KOREA CO LTD, BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES (ASIA) LTD,
BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES (JAPAN) LTD THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR U.S. DISTRIBUTION. ANALYST CERTIFICATION AND IMPORTANT
DISCLOSURES CAN BE FOUND AT APPENDIX ON PAGE 50
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
To find out more about BNP Paribas Equities Research:
Visit : http://eqresearch.bnpparibas.com/
2
For ipad users : http://appstore.apple.com/BNPP-equities/
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
elec tric mobility: technolog y
BNP PARIBAS
Peter Yu, CF A
17 NOVEMBER 2015
SECTOR REPORT
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
The power-packed economics of EV batteries
The steep battery cost curve
We expect the range of electric vehicles (EV) to extend by 50 miles every two to three years, in line
with the pace of energy density upgrades by battery makers. Meanwhile, economies of scale and
advancements along the learning curve will also bring down battery price/kWh. We estimate
Panasonic batteries (for Tesla) are the lowest price/kWh now, but this gap could narrow in the next
three years as LG Chem and SDI introduce higher energy-packed batteries at reduced costs. In this
report, we analyse the state of technology and EV roadmaps for the world’s leading battery makers.
Faster transition to electrification
We expect 50kWh battery prices to fall 66% from current levels to USD4,865 by 2020 (USD97/kWh),
bringing the price of a 200-mile-range EV down to about USD25,000. Although still more expensive
than ICE (internal combustion engine) alternatives, the gap would be significantly narrowed. By 2025,
we believe ICE and EV prices will converge. Electric buses are already competitive vs conventional,
diesel ones, with compelling economics even without generous subsidies.
Electrification comes in various forms
While the battery markets for Battery EV (BEV), Plug-in Hybrid EV (PHEV) and Hybrid EV (HEV) will
expand quickly, we also see a large growth opportunity for micro/mild hybrid EV as ICE carmakers
target improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions via low-voltage battery systems (48V battery).
We believe major battery makers will benefit from the accelerating shift to electrified propulsion in
vehicles. We consider Samsung SDI to be most leveraged to the EV battery theme (29% of sales in
4Q16E), while Nidec should benefit from the proliferation of 48V systems.
BNPP recommendations
Company
PANASONIC CORP
Samsung SDI
Nidec Corp
LG Chem
BBG code
Rating
Share price
Target price
Upside/downside
6752 JP
Buy
1,409.00
2,000.00
+41.9%
006400 KS
Buy
110,000.00
142,000.00
+29.1%
6594 JP
Buy
9,733.00
11,700.00
+20.2%
051910 KS
Buy
299,500.00
305,000.00
+1.8%
Note: Priced at close of business 13/11/2015. Share prices and TPs are in listing currency.
Sources: FactSet; BNP Paribas estimates
3
Peter Yu, CFA
Yong Liang Por
Masahiro Wakasugi
peter.yu@asia.bnpparibas.com
+822 2125 0535
yongliang.por@asia.bnpparibas.com
+852 2825 1877
masahiro.wakasugi@japan.bnpparibas.com
+813 6377 2240
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Investment thesis
Catalyst
We expect the EV battery price to fall from USD290/kWh in
2015 to USD97 in 2020 and USD75 in 2023, driven by
chemistry upgrades and economies of scales.
Introduction of stronger policy support for EV cars (bus,
truck, passenger) by various governments.
Panasonic (for Tesla) currently leads other battery makers in
terms of cost with its mature cylindrical battery cell. However,
this gap is likely to close in the next three years as Samsung
SDI and LG Chem catch up on the technology front.
Strong execution by battery makers on battery technology
roadmap, leading to steep cost curve.
BYD and other Chinese battery makers produce LFP (lithium
ferrophosphate) batteries, which have limited potential to
raise energy density. We expect it will take several years
before they can compete with leading battery makers in NCM
(nickel-cobalt manganese) batteries.
We foresee three phases of growth ahead for the EV market:
1) 2015-16: strong policy support drives mainland EV market
expansion; 2) 2017-19: affordable 200-mile-range EV; and 3)
2020 onward: USD100/kWh battery boosts EV
competitiveness with ICE vehicles, even without government
subsidies, and enables an accelerated growth phase and Sshaped auto market penetration curve.
Following the VW emissions scandal, 48V mild hybrids
(HEVs) may offer the auto industry a “practical solution” to
comply with environmental regulations until EV battery prices
come down enough for the mass market. However this plays
out, we anticipate a faster transition to car electrification.
CONTENTS
Major automakers expand xEV model lineups more quickly
and aggressively.
Strong sales uptake of EV by consumers.
Risk to our call
Battery makers facing significant technological challenges in
advanced battery chemistry.
Major battery-related accidents (EV fires, etc.) that reduce
the appeal of EV to consumers.
Adverse changes in government regulations and policies.
Sharp and prolonged oil price decline making EV less
attractive vs ICE.
Key EV related stocks
Company
Mkt. cap
---- P/E --15E
Summary ......................................................................................... 5
EV battery cost projections and drivers.................................... 8
(USD m)
Samsung SDI
LG Chem
16E
--- P/BV ---
--- ROE ---
15E
16E
15E
16E
(%)
Remarks
(x)
(x)
(x)
(x)
(%)
6,248 24.7
14.6
0.6
0.6
2.5
4.4
Battery
16,623 15.8
12.8
1.6
1.5
10.2
11.5
Battery
8.9
8.6
0.7
0.6
7.8
7.4
Battery
EV battery roadmap by major suppliers ................................. 16
SK Innovation
9,230
Panasonic
27,566 16.3
13.3
1.6
1.5
10.3
11.6
Battery
Passenger compact EV to become competitive with
falling battery cost ...................................................................... 22
GS Yuasa
1,502 13.7
11.6
1.1
1.1
8.5
9.5
Battery
Nidec
22,992 26.9
22.2
3.4
3.1
13.1
14.3
Motor
Tesla
27,132
na 118.6
23.7
xEV is a fast track to meet emission regulations .................. 26
BYD
20.3 (20.5)
11.5 EV, Battery
22,399 73.1
60.9
5.9
5.2
9.1
ShanShan
2,349 21.6
28.6
3.0
2.8
15.9
10.7
Material
Shenzhen Capchem
1,231 58.8
45.2
3.9
3.7
7.9
7.6
Material
Umicore
4,557 18.4
16.8
2.3
2.2
12.5
13.2
Material
PHEV, HEV and 48V battery ....................................................... 32
Asahi Kasei
8,430 10.0
9.3
0.9
0.8
9.2
9.2
Material
138 43.0
19.9
2.2
1.9
6.0
9.3
Material
48V battery to gain the most post-VW diesel scandal ......... 34
Source: BNP Paribas estimates for SDI; LG Chem; Panasonic; Nidec and Bloomberg
consensus for the rest.
Electric bus is already competitive – China is driving
the change..................................................................................... 29
Ecopro
8.7 EV, Battery
Glossary
Abbreviation
Term
Abbreviation
Term
BEV
Battery Electric Vehicle
LFP
Lithium Iron Phosphate
PHEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
LCO
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
HEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
LMO
Lithium Manganese
Oxide
NCA
Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Aluminum
LTO
Lithium Titanate
NCM
Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Manganese Oxide
ICE
Internal Combustion
Engine
PHEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
LCO
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
Source: BNP Paribas
4
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Summary
We expect EV battery prices to fall quickly as manufacturers advance along the
learning curve of the two main cost drivers: chemistry upgrade and economies of
scale. Our analysis shows that EV battery price can fall from about USD290 per kWh
in 2015 to USD97 by 2020, and USD75 by 2023. We expect USD100/kWh to be the
price point to trigger mass adoption of EV cars by consumers as the price of the 200mile driving range battery pack (50kWh) could fall to the USD5,000 level from
USD14,500 currently. Post 2020, when we expect the battery price to be below
USD100/kWh, the passenger EV market should be competitive vs. ICE cars even in
the absence of government subsidies. The electric bus is already competitive against
conventional diesel, with compelling economics even without generous subsidies
(savings on fuel costs outweigh upfront cost of electric buses).
We expect battery makers to introduce higher-rated-capacity batteries through
chemistry upgrades at two- to three-year intervals. Among the major battery makers,
we expect faster battery energy density improvement from LG Chem and Samsung
SDI, who are improving on NCM chemistry in large format battery cells. Panasonic’s
NCA cylindrical battery for Tesla started from the highest energy density (Wh/L) and
specific energy (Wh/kg) among all battery makers by leveraging its mature notebook
PC cylindrical battery production base and introducing advanced NCA chemistry. It
has lowest price per kWh of USD160, by our estimate, which is about 45-50% lower
than the competition. However, we expect the price gap to narrow quickly and in the
next three years as LG Chem and SDI introduce higher energy packed battery at
reduced costs. BYD and most other Chinese EV battery makers produce LFP
battery, which is a safe battery that doesn’t require intensive safety testing. However,
due to the inherent limitations of LFP in increasing energy density, we expect
Chinese makers to migrate to NCM battery over the next several years.
On top of chemistry upgrade, we believe advancements in economies of scale and
learning curve will also bring down the price/kWh of EV batteries. Overhead costs
such as depreciation, R&D, etc., can be spread over a much larger volume of battery
cells; production line speed can rise with improving yields; and raw material cost can
fall with larger volume discounts, etc. About 35GWh pa capacity by about 2020
seems to be a magic number that all major battery makers have in mind.
We expect the EV market to grow in three phases. The first phase will be driven by
the Chinese government in 2015-2016 thanks to strong policy support. With policy
support and compelling economics, electric bus sales are growing quickly in China.
The passenger plug-in electric car market is also growing quickly and China has
become the largest market in the world. The resulting mass production of EV
batteries should help EV battery makers to achieve economies of scale earlier and
become aggressive in building more production capacities.
In the second phase of EV market growth, we expect the affordable 200-mile-range
all-electric EV to become the main driving force during 2017-2019. It would have
reduced range anxiety and charging problems, but would still need subsidies to be
price competitive. In the third phase, when the USD100/kWh mark is achieved in
2020, we think EV can become competitive against ICE cars even without
government subsidies, and enter an accelerated growth phase with an S-shaped
penetration curve in the car market.
Our auto research team expects the VW emissions scandal to accelerate the shift
away from diesel into electrified propulsion. Until 2020, the economics of plug-in
passenger cars are likely to remain unattractive, and our analysts expect HEV and
micro/mild hybrids to pick up much of the slack. We expect HEV batteries that
emphasize higher specific power (W/kg), drawing on high load-current handling (for
car acceleration), to become mainstream xEV technology, especially among
Japanese car makers. This is unlike batteries for full battery EV (BEV) cars, where
higher specific energy (Wh/kg) is the priority for long-range driving.
5
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
We do not believe diesel cars will disappear altogether. Instead, traditional ICE cars
are likely to introduce low-voltage-battery systems, such as 12V and 48V, for micro
and mild HEV to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by start-stop +
regenerative brake features. On top of high specific power, the low voltage battery
has the additional requirement of very fast charge and discharge performance.
We expect xEV battery makers to benefit from the accelerating shift to electrified
propulsion in vehicles. Among EV battery makers in our coverage, we believe
Samsung SDI is most leveraged to EV battery growth, as we expect its EV/ESS
(electric vehicle/energy storage system) battery segment to reach 29% of SDI’s total
sales by 4Q16, whereas the EV battery sales portion is much smaller at LG Chem
(3.6% in 2015E and 5% in 2016E) and Panasonic. As for LG Chem, as chemical
margins are on a weakening trend, we believe that news flow on EV batteries (order
wins, etc) is likely to be a key share price driver.
We expect Nidec to benefit from potential rapid penetration of 48V system. In 48V
mild HEVs, the main drive motor and auxiliary components like water pumps,
superchargers, and electronic power steering (EPS) use 48V power. Nidec is a major
supplier of EPS and has acquired GPM, which makes water pumps, and Elesys,
which makes auxiliary component electronic control units (ECU). We think an
industry switch to 48V systems would be a positive for Nidec
Exhibit 1: Specific energy projections of SDI, LG Chem, and
Panasonic battery
(Wh/kg)
LGC
SDI
Exhibit 2: Energy density projections of SDI, LG Chem, and
Panasonic battery
(Wh/L)
Panasonic
LGC
SDI
Panasonic
900
350
800
300
700
250
600
200
500
150
400
300
100
200
50
100
0
0
2014
2015
2016E
2018E
2020E
2014
2015
2016E
2018E
Sources: SDI; LG Chem; Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
Sources: SDI; LG Chem; Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
Exhibit 3: Price per kWh projections of SDI, LG Chem, and
Panasonic battery
Exhibit 4: MSRP projection of EV (200 mile AER)
(USD/kWh)
LGC
SDI
Panasonic
350
(USD)
300
Selling cost
Production others
Manufacturing cost (battery)
2020E
Administration and profit
Manufacturing cost (others)
50,000
250
40,000
200
30,000
150
20,000
100
10,000
50
0
0
2015
2016E
2018E
Sources: SDI; LG Chem; Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
6
2014
2020E
2016E
2018E
2020E
2023E
Sources: Argonne National Laboratory; BNP Paribas estimates
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Cost curve – Semiconductor vs battery
The EV battery is still at an early stage of development and the industry has spent
the past decade mostly on its safety aspects rather than increasing energy density.
As the long phase of the field testing etc. is largely complete, we expect battery
makers to emphasize the increased energy density of EV batteries to make it more
cost competitive.
We find interesting similarities and differences between the semiconductor and
battery roadmaps. They both try to increase the density (number of transistors in
semiconductor, and energy density in battery) as a way to improve product and lower
costs (per transistor, per energy).
However, the density increase for semiconductor follows an exponential increase
curve, whereas energy density in battery follows a linear increase curve. The number
of transistors in semiconductor doubles every two years (Moore’s Law), whereas the
battery Ah capacity increases about 30Ah about every two to three years (passenger
EV driving range increases 50 miles every two to three years). The following charts
outline relative costs and density trends; we assume EV battery capacity rises 30Ah
every 2.5 years.
In the semiconductor industry, technology migration is a fierce race since falling
behind put laggards in the dangerous competitive position of higher-cost and lowerperformance chip offerings vs the leaders. We believe the same applies to EV
batteries. The ability to offer a higher energy density battery at a lower cost positions
a battery maker at the leading edge of the group. And a technology migration gap
amongst battery makers will lead to industry consolidation, just as the semiconductor
industry has experienced.
Exhibit 5: Relative cost curve – semiconductor vs battery
(index)
Semiconductor
Exhibit 6: Relative function density curve – semiconductor vs
battery
(index)
Battery
120
140
100
120
Semiconductor
Battery
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
Yr 2
Yr 4
Yr 6
Source: BNP Paribas estimates
7
Yr 8
Yr 10
Yr 12
Yr 14
Yr 2
Yr 16
Yr 4
Yr 6
Yr 8
Yr 10
Yr 12
Yr 14
Yr 16
Source: BNP Paribas estimates
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
EV battery cost projections and drivers
There are two main ways to reduce battery costs. One is through chemistry upgrade,
where per energy cost will fall as one physical battery cell packs in more energy; and
the second is through economies of scale, where physical battery cell cost itself falls.
Chemistry upgrade
If the same form-factor battery cell can improve energy density at the same costs,
the per Wh cost can fall in line with Wh energy improvement.
As the voltage of the battery stays essentially same in NCM battery, the Wh increase
comes from Ah capacity increase. The cell capacity upgrade from 63Ah to 94Ah
means a 49% increase in Wh energy per cell (as they are multiplied by the same
voltage of 3.7V), and about a 33% reduction in costs per Wh, assuming the physical
cell cost doesn’t change.
The 63Ah cell has 233 Wh energy (63Ah x 3.7V), and the upgraded 94Ah cell has
348 Wh energy (94Ah x 3.7V). Assuming the weight of the prismatic cell (173 x 125 x
45mm) stays the same at 1.8kg, the specific energy (Wh/kg) of the 63Ah battery
would be 130Wh/kg, and the 94Ah battery would be 193Wh/kg.
We estimate SDI’s EV battery cell specific energy (Wh/kg) to evolve from 130 Wh/kg
to 193 Wh/kg in 4Q15 from the newly added production lines; in 4Q17, we expect
specific energy to rise to 250 Wh/kg, which would bring a 23% cost reduction per
Wh.
Exhibit 7: SDI’s battery roadmap forecast
---------------------------------- Per cell ---------------------------------Battery
Status
Voltage
Capacity
Energy
Weight
(Ah)
(Wh)
(kg)
Liter
Specific
Energy
energy
density
(Wh/kg)
(Wh/L)
--------------- Dimension --------------Width
Height
Thickness
Gen - 1
Mass production
3.7
63
233
1.8
0.97
130
240
173
125
45
Gen - 2
Mass production
3.7
94
348
1.8
0.97
193
357
173
125
45
Gen - 3
3.7
122
450
1.8
0.97
250
462
173
125
45
Gen - 4
3.7
150
555
1.9
0.97
300
570
173
125
45
Gen - 5
3.7
180
666
1.9
0.97
360
684
173
125
45
Gen - 6
3.7
210
777
1.9
0.97
420
798
173
125
45
Source: BNP Paribas estimates
Exhibit 8: Relative battery cost from chemistry upgrade
(index)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Gen - 1
130Wh/kg
Gen - 2
193Wh/kg
Gen - 3
250Wh/kg
Gen - 4
300Wh/kg
Gen - 5
360Wh/kg
Gen - 6
420Wh/kg
Source: BNP Paribas estimates
8
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Total energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh) is the product of the power in kilowatts (kW) and
the time in hours (h). And kWh can be rewritten as: kWh = Ah x V, where Ah is
Ampere hour and V is voltage.
Wh = Ah x V
So the ideal battery should deliver very high energy (Wh) with lowest possible weight
(kg) and volume (L). The goal is to increase Wh/kg (specific energy), Wh/L (energy
density).
Specific energy (Wh/kg) =
Energy density (Wh/L) =
Capacity (Ah) x Voltage (V)
Weight of battery (kg)
Capacity (Ah) x Voltage (V)
Volume of battery (L)
As increasing the voltage too high (>4.5V) causes electrolytes in the battery cell to
decompose, to increase the specific energy and energy density, battery makers have
to develop new anode and cathode materials that offer the highest capacity without
compromising safety, costs, life span, etc.
The traditional lead-acid battery used in ICE, and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) used
in HEV (Hybrid EV such as Prius) have low specific energy and cannot be used for
BEV.
Lithium Ion batteries (LIB) have become the battery of choice for EV makers due to
LIB’s high specific energy over other alternatives. Lithium-ion is named after their
active material for cathode and anode. As most of current LIB use graphite as anode,
the cathode material compound and structure makes the key difference in battery
chemistry.
Exhibit 9: Lithium-Ion battery structure
Source: Thermo Scientific
Cathode improvement
The category type of the EV battery comes from what kind of cathode is used for the
battery as the cathode chemistry mainly determines characteristics of the EV battery.
BYD’s battery is called LFP; Samsung SDI and LG Chem are NCM; and Tesla
(Panasonic battery) is NCA. The LFP, NCM, and NCA all denote cathode materials.
The cathode also takes up large portion of battery weight and it is the largest raw
material cost component (40% of battery bill of materials).
9
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 10: LiB bill-of-material cost
Others
5%
Electrolyte
15%
Cathode
40%
Seperator
20%
Anode
20%
Source: Ecopro
BYD and most other Chinese EV battery makers produce the LFP battery, which is a
safer battery and thus doesn’t require intensive safety testing. However, due to the
inherently low voltage of the LFP (3.2V), its specific energy is limited at about 120
Wh/kg.
To increase the specific energy to 200 Wh/kg and beyond, materials that enable
higher specific energy, such as nickel, cobalt, etc., have to be added as the active
materials for cathode. However, the trade-off for the battery is less stability and
safety.
Samsung SDI and LG Chem’s NCM batteries use nickel, cobalt and manganese
compounds for the cathode. In the NCM battery, manganese brings stability, and
high load current handling (high specific power) thanks to its three-dimensional
spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode.
Tesla chose to use Panasonic’s NCA battery which is similar to NCM, but added
aluminium (instead of manganese) to nickel and cobalt to give the chemistry greater
stability. It has the highest energy density among all battery cells currently, but it is
less safe than NCM battery according to Battery University and many other
academic papers. Tesla makes up for this by using liquid cooling to avoid thermal
runaway, and a rigorous battery management system. As each NCA battery is in a
very small “18650” package (notebook battery size of 18mm diameter, 65mm height),
which is only 1.8% of the volume of Samsung SDI’s EV battery, the effect of one of
the 7,104 battery cells in a Tesla Model S going bad would be manageable.
These high energy batteries have to be rigorously field-tested for several years as
the carmakers seek to avoid liability from potential safety issues. LG Chem and
Samsung SDI have gone through rigorous field tests with its main automaker clients
for several years. Chinese EV battery makers have yet to do this level of fieldwork
with high energy batteries.
10
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 11: Specific energy of conventional batteries
(Wh/kg)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Lead
Acid
NiCd
NiMH
LTO
LFP
LMO
NMC
LCO
NCA
Sources: Companies; Battery University; BNP Paribas estimates
LCO - Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
Adding cobalt can achieve high specific energy, but it has many drawbacks to being
used in BEV. Cobalt is expensive, and not very safe. It also has a limited lifespan,
and limited load capabilities (specific power W/kg). LCO are mainly used for
notebooks and smartphones. Tesla’s Roadster used LCO despite the drawbacks.
LMO - Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)
LMO is the opposite of LCO in characteristics. LMO battery is a high power battery
(high specific power for car acceleration), but not an energy battery (specific energy
for driving range). LMO is safer than LCO. As LMO has a manganese spinel
structure (manganese in a three-dimensional spinel shape), the material remains
stable even when charging. The three-dimensional spinel structure improves ion flow
on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current
handling. Early generation of BEV used LMO.
NMC - Lithium Manganese Nickel Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)
NMC is added to most Li-manganese batteries to improve the specific energy and
prolong the life span. The LMO-NMC combination brings the best out of each system
– higher specific energy, higher specific power, and longer life span.
Nickel is known for high specific energy just like cobalt, but has poor stability. Battery
makers can cut costs by using nickel instead of expensive cobalt, but this makes the
cell less stable. Manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve
low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining these elements
allows drawing from the different strengths.
The NMC cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and
one-third cobalt. Other combinations, such as NCM, CMN, MNC, etc., are also
offered, in which the metal content of the cathode deviates from the above formula.
SDI uses the so-called NCM battery, which implies there is more N content than C or
M. The majority of recent EV launches in the market (Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt, BMW
i3 etc.) use NMC chemistry.
NCA - Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)
NCA is similar to NMC with its high specific energy, reasonably good specific power
and long lifespan. Adding aluminium to nickel and cobalt gives the chemistry greater
stability. However, compared to LMO-NCM, it’s regarded as a less safe battery.
The Tesla Model S uses NCA battery. Based on the 2-3 year chemistry upgrade
cycle of battery makers, we expect SDI’s EV battery to further increase specific
energy to 250 Wh/kg in about 4Q17 by adding NCA with its NCM to address 200mile-range battery demand in 2018.
11
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
LFP - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
LFP batteries are very safe batteries with long lifespans. However, the trade-off is
lower cell voltage of 3.2V/cell, which limits specific energy improvement. So, it is
easy to make LFP battery but it is too bulky and heavy for long driving range EV.
Chinese battery makers flood this market. The most popular EV car in China, BYD’s
Qin, uses LFP.
Lithium air batteries
In lithium air batteries, the cathode is oxygen from the air (the battery “breathes” air),
which makes the battery very light as cathode is typically the heaviest material in an
EV battery. If the technology can be successfully commercialized, we believe lithium
air could be the ultimate EV battery thanks to extremely high specific energy that is
comparable to gasoline.
The energy density of gasoline is approximately 13 kWh/kg, which corresponds to
1.7 kWh/kg of energy provided to the wheels after losses. The theoretical energy
density of the lithium air battery is 12 kWh/kg, excluding the oxygen mass. It has
been theorized (Girishkumar, G et al, 2010) that the same 1.7kWh/kg could reach the
wheels using Li-air after losses from over-potentials, other cell components and
battery pack ancillaries, given the much higher efficiency of electric motors.
If the battery makers can harness 1.7kWh/kg energy, the driving range of an EV
battery could theoretically extend to 1,400 miles. Even if the actual real life range
ends up at around 500 miles, it would revolutionize the EV industry.
There are challenges, though. The anode is pure lithium metal, which ignites when
exposed to water, carbon dioxide, or other contaminants. Also lithium-oxygen itself
can turn into unwanted lithium carbonate. The battery would need a perfect
screening technology to keep both cathode and anode electrodes pristine. The
lithium air should only breathe oxygen (no nitrogen, hydrogen etc.). Finding a costeffective way to solve the problem and achieve actual commercialization would take
time. We would expect the 2025-2030 timeframe to be most realistic for the 500-mile
battery.
Anode improvement
Graphite anode improvement
Most EV batteries use graphite for anode. Graphite comes in two forms (natural from
mines and synthetic from petroleum coke), and battery makers use natural graphite
for lower costs although they have preferred synthetic graphite because of its
superior consistency and purity over natural graphite. This is changing with modern
chemical purification processes and thermal treatment. Purified natural flake graphite
exhibits a much higher crystalline structure than synthetic and is therefore more
electrically and thermally conductive.
Silicon anodes
Adding silicon-based alloys to current graphite anode can significantly increase the
energy of the anode. A silicon atom can bind with more lithium ions than a carbon
(graphite) atom can. As such, a silicon anode can theoretically store >10x the energy
of graphite. However, the challenge is that silicon anode will expand too much during
the charge (lithium-ion insertion), leading to swelling battery, and destruction of the
anode.
Samsung’s Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) announced in June 2015 that it
has found a way to extend lithium-ion battery life using silicon and graphene. The
SAIT team fabricated anode material by growing graphene on the surface of silicon
without forming silicon carbide, and developed a sliding mechanism on the graphene
layer that accommodates the volume expansion of silicon while exerting a clamping
force that helps maintain the integrity of the silicon particles during volume
expansion. This is a lab research result, and actual large-scale commercialization of
silicon anode would take considerable time.
12
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Meanwhile, we expect only a measured amount of silicon will be added to achieve
higher energy and stability. We expect SDI to start to use silicon from 250-300 mile
battery.
LTO – good in low temperature environment, at the expense of energy density
Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12) replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithiumion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. LTO is safe, has excellent
low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80% at –30C at
which point most other batteries become useless. However, its specific power is very
low at 70-80Wh/kg, seriously limiting driving range of EV. Mitsubishi’s i-Miev uses
LTO battery.
Exhibit 12: Types of Lithium-Ion battery for EV
Lithium Nickel
Manganese Cobalt
Oxide
Lithium Cobalt
Oxide
Lithium Manganese
Oxide
Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Aluminum Oxide
LiCoO2 cathode (~60%
Co), graphite anode
LiMn2O4 cathode.
graphite anode
LiNiMnCoO2. cathode,
graphite anode Since
2008
Lithium Titanate
LiNiCoAlO2 cathode
(~9% Co), graphite
anode
Graphite cathode;
Li4Ti5O12 (titanate)
anode
Short form: LCO or
Li-cobalt.
Short form: LMO or Limanganese (spinel
structure)
Short form: NMC (NCM, Short form: LFP or LiCMN, CNM, MNC,
phosphate.
MCN similar with
different metal
combinations)
Short form: NCA or Lialuminum.
Short form: LTO or Lititanate.
Voltage, nominal
3.60V
3.70V (some may be
rated 3.80V)
3.60V, 3.70V
3.20V, 3.30V
3.60V
2.40V
Specific energy
(capacity)
150–200Wh/kg.
Specialty cells provide
up to 240Wh/kg.
100–150Wh/kg
150–220Wh/kg
90–120Wh/kg
200-260Wh/kg;
300Wh/kg predictable
70–80Wh/kg
Charge
(C-rate)
0.7–1C, charges to
4.20V (most cells); 3h
charge typical. Charge
current above 1C
shortens battery life.
0.7–1C typical, 3C
maximum, charges to
4.20V (most cells)
0.7–1C, charges to
4.20V, some go to
4.30V; 3h charge
typical. Charge current
above 1C shortens
battery life.
1C typical, charges to
3.65V; 3h charge time
typical
0.7C, charges to 4.20V 1C typical; 5C
(most cells), 3h charge maximum, charges to
typical, fast charge
2.85V
possible with some cells
Discharge
(C-rate)
1C; 2.50V cut off.
Discharge current
above 1C shortens
battery life.
1C; 10C possible with
some cells, 30C pulse
(5s), 2.50V cut-off
1C; 2C possible on
some cells; 2.50V cutoff
1C, 25C on some cells;
40A pulse (2s); 2.50V
cut-off (lower that 2V
causes damage)
1C typical; 3.00V cutoff; high discharge rate
shortens battery life
Cycle life
500–1000, related to
depth of discharge,
load, temperature
300–700 (related to
depth of discharge,
temperature)
1000–2000 (related to
depth of discharge,
temperature)
1000–2000 (related to
depth of discharge,
temperature)
500 (related to depth of 3,000–7,000
discharge, temperature)
Thermal
runaway
150°C (302°F). Full
charge promotes
thermal runaway
250°C (482°F) typical.
High charge promotes
thermal runaway
210°C (410°F) typical.
High charge promotes
thermal runaway
270°C (518°F) Very
safe battery even if fully
charged
150°C (302°F) typical,
High charge promotes
thermal runaway
One of safest Li-ion
batteries
Applications
Mobile phones, tablets,
laptops, cameras
Power tools, medical
devices, electric
powertrains
E-bikes, medical
devices, EVs, industrial
Portable and stationary
needing high load
currents and endurance
Medical devices,
industrial, electric
powertrain (Tesla)
UPS, electric powertrain
(Mitsubishi i-MiEV,
Honda Fit EV)
Comments
Very high specific
energy, limited specific
power. Cobalt is
expensive. Serves as
Energy Cell. Market
share has stabilized.
High power but less
capacity; safer than Licobalt; commonly mixed
with NMC to improve
performance.
Provides high capacity
and high power. Serves
as Hybrid Cell. Favorite
chemistry for many
uses; market share is
increasing.
Very flat voltage
Shares similarities with
discharge curve but low Li-cobalt. Serves as
capacity. One of safest Energy Cell.
Li-Ions. Used for special
markets. Elevated selfdischarge.
Type
Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO4 cathode,
graphite anode
10C possible, 30C 5s
pulse; 1.80V cut-off on
LCO/LTO
Long life, fast charge,
wide temperature range
but low specific energy
and expensive. Among
safest Li-ion batteries.
Source: Battery University
Other improvements
A battery’s performance depends mainly on external factors such as electrode
thickness and degree of compacting, the type of conductive additive and electrolyte
mixture used, and internal factors such as its internal temperature and state of
charge.
Electrolyte additives
Adding electrolyte additives to EV battery electrolyte is a common method that
extends calendar and cycle life, and reduces parasitic reactions that occur between
the electrolyte and electrode materials.
Degree of compacting
If one can pack in lot more electrode etc. in a given battery cell, the battery cell would
naturally have more energy.
13
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
To increase energy density, separators are getting thinner. The main function of a
separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while
also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers. The separator should be as thin
as possible as to not add dead volume. But a separator that is too thin can
compromise mechanical strength and safety. A ceramic coated separator provides
increased safety and lifecycle thanks to good thermal stability (low shrinkage of the
thin separator film).
Economies of scale, learning curve
The physical battery cell cost itself will fall, too, with economies of scale. Larger
mass-scale production should spread non-variable costs (depreciation, R&D,
overhead, etc.) over a larger number of battery cells produced. Variable cost such as
raw material cost can also fall as battery makers purchase in large volumes with
volume discounts, and growth of material suppliers.
Exhibit 13: Physical cell cost (prismatic cell – SDI)
Physical cell cost (prismatic)
(USD)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Gen - 1
130Wh/kg
~2015
Gen - 2
193Wh/kg
2016
Gen - 3
250Wh/kg
2018
Gen - 4
300Wh/kg
2020
Gen - 5
360Wh/kg
2023
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates
Depreciation
The depreciation cost burden should shrink fast with increasing revenue scale. The
capex needed to build a production line is also falling fast. For SDI, we estimate the
capex to build a 300,000 cell/month line has fallen c30% for lines added in 4Q15
from that needed to build the first three production lines. SDI guided that future
production lines will cost even less to build. As new lines can produce higher kWh,
their kWh capacity/capex will be markedly lower than for ones that will be built in the
future.
The same physical capacity production lines (300,000 cell/month) of SDI will have
larger GWh capacity with improving battery chemistry. SDI’s new production that
started operation in 4Q15 (Korea Line-4 and Xian-1) has 50% more capacity
(1.2GWh) than previous lines. We expect new lines added during 2016-2020 will
have a staircase-like step increase in effective production capacity as below:
Exhibit 14: Newly added EV/ESS production line designed capacity assumptions
Period
GWh per annum, per line
~3Q15
0.8
4Q15-3Q17
1.2
4Q17-1Q20
1.6
2Q20~3Q23
2.0
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates
Unlike LG Chem and SDI, which had to build a new EV battery production line from
the greenfield, Panasonic didn’t have to invest in new production lines as it
addressed Tesla battery demand by raising utilization of its existing cylindrical battery
production line.
14
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
R&D costs
EV battery makers’ R&D costs come mainly from new projects for EV customers,
which are increasing fast, and weighing on profitability. Their EV battery sample
supply for new EV projects should lead to sales eventually, but they have to suffer
higher costs in the meantime. We estimate R&D costs at SDI and LG Chem take up
about 20% of sales in 2015, which is very high due to the low sales base. That said,
we expect the R&D cost burden to fall quickly on increasing sales. We do not think
R&D costs will rise proportionately with sales as new project costs should decline as
the industry moves along the learning curve.
The test period and numbers for essentially the same battery for variant EV models
don’t have to be as extensive as for the first EV batteries, which had a lot of safety
and performance concerns that needed repeated verification. We do not think newlyacquired Chinese customers will need to go through such rigorous, lengthy tests for
batteries that are already used by US/EU carmakers.
Material costs
Unlike the well-developed small-size IT-application Lithium-Ion battery industry, the
large-size EV/ESS battery material supplier base is smaller and prices are higher.
We expect the EV/ESS battery material supplier base to broaden and prices to fall as
the EV/ESS industry develops. EV battery makers’ efforts to internalize key materials
should also provide leverage in battery makers’ price negotiations with external
suppliers. In addition, there are many redundancies in product design in the early
stage of EV commercialization due to safety reasons, which we expect to be relaxed
with accumulated data and knowhow.
Productivity and yield
The EV production line utilization rate can increase with rising orders and optimized
production lines. If production lines can run at full speed without having to stop
intermittently for R&D projects or other products with different specifications, the perunit overhead cost of batteries can fall fast. We also expect improving production
yields will play a critical role in overall production cost reduction as yields are
generally lower during the early phase of EV battery production.
Labour and other overheads
Among EV battery makers, we believe SDI faces the highest labour costs. SDI’s cost
structure deteriorated in 2015 as the EV/ESS business absorbed workers from
discontinued PDP operations, instead of releasing them. These workers will be put
into new production lines (Korea Line-4, China Xian Line) in 4Q15, but will be on the
payroll without work assignments till then. The labour cost burden further increased
with the acquisition of the battery pack business from Magna Steyr (unlisted) and
STM (unlisted), which would focus on anodes for EV battery technology.
15
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
EV battery roadmap by major suppliers
Samsung SDI
Combining the two cost drivers (chemistry upgrade, economies of scale), we
estimate SDI’s generation-2 battery (94Ah) will achieve USD209/kWh cost in 2016, a
substantial 54% decline from its generation-1 battery (60Ah). We expect its
generation-3 battery (120Ah) to achieve a further 44% cost decline to USD117 by
2018. Although the EV battery price should fall fast, we expect the battery cost curve
to be steeper.
Exhibit 15: EV battery cost forecast by battery generations
Gen1
Gen2
Gen3
Gen4
Gen5
~2015
2016E
2018E
2020E
2023E
No of cells
96
96
96
96
96
Cell Volt
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
Cell Ah
60
94
120
150
180
Cell Wh
222
348
444
555
666
21
33
43
53
64
6,180
5,856
5,472
5,184
4,800
Price per kWh
290
175
128
97
75
Price per cell
64
61
57
54
50
Pack kWh
Total battery pack price (USD)
Total battery pack cost
9,252
6,987
4,979
4,503
4,224
Cost per kWh
434
209
117
85
66
Cost per cell
96
73
52
47
44
kWh cost decline
(52)
(44)
(28)
(22)
From physical cell cost
(24)
(29)
(10)
(6)
From chemistry upgrade
(36)
(22)
(20)
(17)
Cost reduction analysis (%)
Note: Assumption based on compact EV such as BMW i3
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates
Exhibit 16: EV battery price and cost forecast by battery generations
(USD)
Price per kWh
Cost per kWh
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Gen - 1
130Wh/kg
Gen - 2
193Wh/kg
Gen - 3
250Wh/kg
Gen - 4
300Wh/kg
Gen - 5
360Wh/kg
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates
On a blended basis, we expect the kWh cost to fall at a 24% CAGR (2016-2020),
steeper than the kWh price decline of 17% CAGR (2016-2020). Based on the above
assumptions, we expect SDI to turn profitable in EV/ESS battery from 2H17 and start
to generate meaningful profit from 2018. We modelled in sustainable normalized
OPM of 9% from 2019 – major auto parts makers generate mid to high single digit
OPM.
SDI’s EV batteries come in one prismatic form factor, which was decided with BMW,
which is SDI’s largest customer. We think this cell standardization approach can
16
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
have long-term cost advantage as all added production lines will essentially have
same set of equipment that produces standardized cell.
Klaus Fröhlich, head of development at BMW, said “We have defined a certain cell
standard millimetre height so that we can build new batteries in 50 years that have
the same cell standard, even if the chemistry and energy density will be very different.
This means that, when your car fails after 15 years and you go to a BMW shop to
have a new battery fitted, you can do so.” So the SDI’s prismatic battery format is
future proofing the current EVs.
The other potential advantage of the standardized prismatic battery cell is that it can
later be easily recycled in ESS (energy storage system) after the EV is retired.
Reaching the lifespan of EV battery (cycle time, length) doesn’t mean that the EV
battery cannot be used, as the battery will still have 70-80% of its initial designed
capacity. And this can be good enough for ESS to reuse at a cheaper price. There
could be a larger residual value for standardized prismatic battery.
Exhibit 17: SDI’s prismatic battery – standardized form factor
233Wh
348Wh
450Wh
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates for 450Wh battery
LG Chem
GM’s announcement of the EV battery cost roadmap for its Chevrolet Bolt gives a
good glimpse of LG Chem’s EV battery roadmap as LG Chem is the battery supplier
for the Chevy Bolt.
In October 2015, GM (GM US, NR) said that its battery cell cost would be
USD145/kWh by the time of the launch of Chevrolet Bolt at end-2016. The stated
battery price is about 50% the current level, which led to undue concerns that EV
battery makers would face significant pricing pressure and low profitability. However,
LG Chem guides that it can reach breakeven in the EV battery business in 1H16.
LG Chem has announced plans to launch a 200-mile battery in 2016 that will be
used in the GM Bolt. We estimate a 25kWh battery today can last for 100 miles for
subcompact cars. Doubling the battery energy density to 50kWh could make it last
200 miles. The 60kWh version of the Tesla Model S was rated (NEDC) to deliver 230
miles (370 km). The EPA range for the 60 kWh battery pack model is 208 miles (335
km). As the Chevy Bolt is a much smaller subcompact car versus full size sedan
Model S, we estimate that 50kWh battery pack would be enough to drive 200 miles
for the Bolt.
17
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 18: GM's projected battery cell cost
Source: GM
We estimate LG Chem’s Gen-1 battery price was about USD500/kWh until 2014, and
stands at USD300/kWh in 2015. Assuming GM’s projected battery cell cost will be
LG Chem’s battery price, it will come down to USD145-150/kWh by end-2016 with
LG Chem supplying its new Gen-2 battery.
We understand LG Chem’s Gen-2 battery is a category of batteries where they will
improve the rated capacity within current NCM technology. So, we think there will be
a series of new batteries within the Gen-2 category. We think LG Chem’s Gen-3
battery in 2021 refers to wholly new chemistry battery category such as Li-Metal, etc.
LG Chem’s cell (JH3) under development has twice the energy per cell than its
current cell (JH2). However, as the volume and weight has also increased by 74%
and 83%, respectively, the increase in specific energy and energy density is rather
minor at 9% and 15%, respectively. As such, we expect the main cost driver for LG
Chem in 2016-2017 would be economies of scale, instead of chemistry upgrade.
Exhibit 19: LG Chem’s EV battery status
------------------------------------ Per cell -----------------------------------Battery
P1.5B1
Status
Voltage
Capacity
Energy
Weight
(Ah)
(Wh)
(kg)
Liter
Specific
Energy
energy
density
(Wh/kg)
(Wh/L)
---------------- Dimension ---------------Width
Height
Thickness
Original cell
3.7
15.5
57
0.4
0.2
154
294
164
226
5.27
JH2
Mass production
3.7
31.5
117
0.64
0.33
182
356
164
232
8.6
JH3
Under development
3.7
63
233
1.18
0.57
198
410
100.2
352.5
16.1
Energy cell
Power cell
JP1
Mass production
3.65
27
99
0.6
0.3
154
303
164
232
8.55
JP2
Under development
3.67
65
239
1.1
0.6
225
419
100.2
352.5
16.1
Source: LG Chem
LG Chem’s EV battery is a lithium polymer battery where polymer electrolyte instead
of the more common liquid electrolyte is used as an electrolyte. As a result the
lithium polymer battery can be thin, flexible, and manufactured in different shapes
easily. Unlike a prismatic battery which is housed in a steel can, LG Chem’s lithium
polymer battery comes in a soft pouch format. The advantage of this approach is that
LG Chem can easily change size and format of the battery cell upon the request of
EV customers. We think LG Chem can also relax its size boundaries when it wishes
to increase Wh energy per cell, unlike SDI which has to pack in all the needed Wh
energy in a strict prismatic can dimension.
18
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 20: LG Chem’s pouch battery – flexibility
57 Wh
117 Wh
233 Wh
Sources: LG Chem
LG Chem also claims that its "Stack and Folding" process for the polymer battery
electrode assembly method enables the uniform stress on the electrode during the
course of charge/discharge cycles. It is beneficial for better cycle life as compared to
the conventional winding process of prismatic and cylindrical type lithium Ion
batteries.
Panasonic (Tesla)
Instead of waiting for the large format EV battery to evolve, Tesla chose to use the
most mature 18650 cylindrical battery, which became very cheap with mass
production for notebook PCs.
As Tesla used the higher energy 3.1Ah capacity NCA battery from Panasonic for its
Model S, the Model S had the highest specific energy and energy density at the
lowest cost. Assuming the Tesla battery cell price is at USD1.8, a 20% premium to
other notebook PC battery with lower Ah capacity, the kWh price of Tesla battery
would be about USD160/kWh, which would be about USD140 lower than other NCM
batteries. As each battery is very small and has only 11.2Wh energy per cell, Tesla
uses 7,104 battery cells in its Model S.
The natural migration for 18650 battery is to 3.4Ah capacity cell, as there is 10%
increase in Wh energy per cell. We expect the next step would be moving to larger
form factor cylindrical battery such as the 20700 (20mm diameter, 70mm height) or
21700 (21mm diameter, 70mm height), where the available cell volume increases by
33%, or 47% over the 18650 cell. SDI unveiled a 21700 battery for e-bike in Aug
2015. We have assumed 5Ah 20700 battery cell to be produced from Tesla’s
Gigafactory from 2017, and see about a 10% increase to 5.5Ah thereafter.
19
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 21: Panasonic’s EV battery for Tesla
----------------------------------- Per cell -----------------------------------Battery
Status
Voltage
18650 type
Mass production
Capacity
Energy
Weight
Specific
Energy
energy
density
Liter
---------------- Dimension ---------------Diameter
Height
(Ah)
(Wh)
(kg)
(Wh/kg)
(Wh/L)
3.6
3.1
11.2
0.048
0.018
233
630
18
65
18650 type
3.6
3.4
12.2
0.048
0.018
255
691
18
65
20700 type
3.6
5
18.0
0.064
0.024
282
764
20
70
20700 type
3.6
5.5
19.8
0.064
0.024
310
841
20
70
Sources: Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
Exhibit 22: Panasonic’s cylindrical battery – Small size but densely packed with
energy
11.2Wh
18Wh
12.2Wh
Sources: Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
We expect the specific energy of Tesla to gradually converge with Samsung SDI’s
battery cell as the large format EV battery cell is likely to show faster improvement
from a relatively low base. However, when it comes to energy density (Wh/L), we
expect the Tesla battery’s large lead over other battery types to remain wide during
our forecast horizon given the high energy capacity of NCA battery in a densely
packed small size cylindrical battery. The Tesla battery takes up the smallest space
among all batteries.
Exhibit 23: Specific energy projections of SDI, LG Chem, and
Panasonic battery
(Wh/kg)
LGC
SDI
Exhibit 24: Energy density projections of SDI, LG Chem, and
Panasonic battery
(Wh/L)
Panasonic
LGC
Panasonic
SDI
900
350
800
300
700
250
600
200
500
150
400
300
100
200
50
100
0
0
2014
2015
2016E
Sources: SDI, LG Chem, Panasonic, BNP Paribas estimates
20
2018E
2020E
2014
2015
2016E
2018E
2020E
Sources: SDI, LG Chem, Panasonic, BNP Paribas estimates
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
We think Panasonic produced the Tesla battery to see a less steep cost curve than
other large format NCM batteries, as the Panasonic 18650 battery is a mature
technology that starts from a low price already. Tesla expects the planned 35GWh
Gigafactory to bring cost reductions from further economies of scale.
Panasonic is not the only producer making the 18650 battery for EV. SDI also started
supplying the 18650 cylindrical battery to Chinese low-speed EV car makers from
2Q15. LG Chem also started supplying replacement 18650 LCO battery for Tesla’s
Roadster. Panasonic also has a large format EV battery, which it supplies to other
EV makers outside Tesla.
Exhibit 25: Price per kWh projections of SDI, LG Chem, and Panasonic battery
(USD/kWh)
LGC
SDI
Panasonic
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2015
2016E
2018E
2020E
Sources: SDI; LG Chem; Panasonic; BNP Paribas estimates
21
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Passenger compact EV to become competitive with falling battery
cost
Most of the current compact BEV (battery electric vehicle) have an AER (all electric
range) of about 80-100 miles, and 20-25kWh batteries. They are small and
expensive. Perhaps their largest disadvantage is that they cannot go far without
having to recharge the battery, creating so-called “range anxiety”. The problem is
exacerbated as there are few recharging stations, and it takes a long time to charge.
Many of current EV offerings are “compliance cars” which are sold by reluctant car
makers to comply with government regulations (e.g. ZEV mandate). The BEV market
couldn’t be formed without heavy government subsidies and regulations.
The exception is the Tesla Model S (265mil, 85kWh battery) which is a full-size
luxury sedan, which overcame many of the shortcomings of most BEV except for the
price. But, as it was positioned as a luxury sedan, the Tesla competed well with
established luxury ICE (internal combustion engine) cars.
We expect BEV can become an attractive alternative to ICE (internal combustion
engine) cars if the battery driving range can expand to 200-300 miles at 1/3-1/2 the
price of Tesla’s Model S (MSRP USD80,000 for 85kWh model). Very long electric
driving range and affordable price would alleviate the range anxiety of consumers,
which represents the biggest obstacles for BEV adoption. This range extension is
assuming the same number of battery cells that current BEVs have.
When the kWh price reaches USD100 in 2020 with a 250-mile battery, we believe
the BEV can be price competitive with ICE, even without government subsidies.
Exhibit 26: SDI EV battery roadmap forecast
(mile, AER)
300
250+ mile battery
Li-Metal
(2020)
250
200 mile battery
NCM -Gen 3
(2018)
200
150 mile battery
NCM - Gen 2
(4Q15)
150
80-100 mile battery
NCM - Gen 1
(~ 2014)
100
BMW i3
50
Nissan Leaf
Chevy Volt
(kWh)
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sources: Samsung SDI; BNP Paribas estimates
We believe the passenger EV should have a 200-mile AER to be competitive in the
market. The 200mile AER compact EV would need to have about 50kWh battery
capacity. In 2015, the kWh price is about USD290, implying the battery cell alone
would cost USD14,500, which is similar to the price of a compact ICE car. Even with
generous government subsidies, the compact EV has limited traction.
In 2015, the theoretical 200-mile AER compact EV would have a USD45,795 MSRP
(manufacturer's suggested retail price), much higher than the USD17,000 for an ICE
car.
In the below cost simulation between ICE and EV, we assume the differences are
primarily in the powertrain and ESS. Both vehicle types have similar bodies in terms
of components such as doors, windows, seats, etc. They have very similar chassis
components, such as brakes, suspensions, wheels and tires, and bumpers.
The parts that are unique to EV would be battery pack, BMS (battery management
system), AC motor, controllers, and other ancillary electronics parts. However, it does
not need engine, transmission, exhaust system, fuel system, and fluids that are
22
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
specific to an ICE car. Also, the vehicle assembly cost can be lower as EVs have a
smaller number of parts to assemble.
Exhibit 27: Price comparison of compact ICE and EV (200-mile AER) in 2015
Conventional subcompact ICE
MSRP
EV (200 mile battery)
17,000
Selling
Distribution
MSRP
Share of MSRP (%)
Selling
3,400
20.0
595
3.5
Corporate overhead
850
5.0
Corporate overhead
Retirement and health benefits
340
2.0
Retirement and health benefits
Gross profit
425
2.5
Gross profit
8,500
50.0
850
5.0
Warranty
1,105
6.5
935
5.5
Advertising and dealer support
Administration and profit
Warranty
R&D and engineering
Depreciation and amortization
Engine unit
Engine accessories
Engine electrical
Transmission
Transmission unit
Transmission control
9,159
20.0
Advertising and dealer support
1,603
3.5
2,290
5.0
916
2.0
1,145
2.5
22,898
50.0
2,290
5.0
R&D and engineering
2,977
6.5
Depreciation and amortization
2,519
5.5
Production
Manufacturing cost
Engine
Share of MSRP (%)
Distribution
Administration and profit
Production
Manufacturing cost
45,795
Share of mfg cost
Manufacturing cost
Manufacturing cost
1,830
21.53
n/a
1,573
18.50
n/a
198
2.33
n/a
60
0.70
n/a
428
5.03
n/a
421
4.95
n/a
7
0.08
n/a
n/a
AC motor and controllers
n/a
Battery cell (50kWh)
n/a
Share of mfg cost
1,700
7.42
14,500
63.33
Battery management system
1,500
6.55
Chassis
2,205
25.94
Chassis
1,696
7.41
Frame
101
1.19
Frame
101
0.44
Suspension
417
4.91
Suspension
417
1.82
82
0.97
Steering
82
0.36
Brakes
252
2.97
Brakes
252
1.10
Final drive
126
1.48
Final drive
126
0.55
Wheels and tires
441
5.19
Wheels and tires
441
1.93
Bumpers, fenders, and shields
195
2.29
Bumpers, fenders, and shields
195
0.85
Chassis electrical
71
0.83
Chassis electrical
71
0.31
Accessories and tools
10
0.12
Accessories and tools
10
0.04
256
3.01
n/a
2,250
9.83
1,124
4.91
11
0.05
Steering
Exhaust system
Fuel system
31
0.36
n/a
223
2.62
n/a
2,249
26.46
Body
1,124
13.22
11
0.13
Paint and coatings
Glass
197
2.32
Glass
197
0.86
Body trim and components
876
10.30
Body trim and components
876
3.82
43
0.50
43
0.19
Fluids
Body
Body-in-white
Paint and coatings
Electrical components
Vehicle assembly
1,788
21.04
Total
8,500
100.00
Body-in-white
Electrical components
Vehicle assembly
Total
1,252
5.47
22,898
100.00
Sources: Argonne National Laboratory; BNP Paribas estimates
23
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Based on our forecast kWh price (see Exhibit 15), we expect the 50kWh battery cost
to fall to USD4,865 in 2020, a 66% decline from 2015. Based on this projection, we
expect the 200-mile AER EV price to come down to USD25,179 in 2020. It will still be
more expensive than its ICE counterpart, but the gap will have narrowed significantly.
By around 2025, we expect ICE and EV prices to converge.
Exhibit 28: MSRP projection of EV (200 mile AER)
(USD)
50,000
Selling cost
Production others
Manufacturing cost (battery)
Administration and profit
Manufacturing cost (others)
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2014
2016E
2018E
2020E
2023E
Sources: Argonne National Laboratory; BNP Paribas estimates
24
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 29: MSRP projection of EV (200-mile AER)
(USD)
Gen1
Gen2
Gen3
Gen4
Gen5
~2015
2016E
2018E
2020E
2023E
290
175
128
97
75
45,795
33,534
28,553
25,179
22,704
Distribution
9,159
6,707
5,711
5,036
4,541
Advertising and dealer support
1,603
1,174
999
881
795
2,290
1,677
1,428
1,259
1,135
916
671
571
504
454
1,145
838
714
629
568
22,898
16,767
14,276
12,589
11,352
Warranty
2,290
1,677
1,428
1,259
1,135
R&D and engineering
2,977
2,180
1,856
1,637
1,476
Depreciation and amortization
2,519
1,844
1,570
1,385
1,249
1,700
1,500
1,425
1,354
1,286
14,500
8,769
6,419
4,865
3,754
Battery management system
1,500
1,300
1,235
1,173
1,115
Chassis
1,696
1,696
1,696
1,696
1,696
Frame
101
101
101
101
101
Suspension
417
417
417
417
417
82
82
82
82
82
Brakes
252
252
252
252
252
Final drive
126
126
126
126
126
Wheels and tires
441
441
441
441
441
Bumpers, fenders, and shields
195
195
195
195
195
Chassis electrical
71
71
71
71
71
Accessories and tools
10
10
10
10
10
2,250
2,250
2,250
2,250
2,250
1,124
1,124
1,124
1,124
1,124
EV battery price per kWh
MSRP
Selling
Administration and profit
Corporate overhead
Retirement and health benefits
Gross profit
Production
Manufacturing cost
Manufacturing cost
AC motor and controllers
Battery cell (50kWh)
Steering
Body
Body-in-white
Paint and coatings
11
11
11
11
11
Glass
197
197
197
197
197
Body trim and components
876
876
876
876
876
43
43
43
43
43
1,252
1,252
1,252
1,252
1,252
Electrical components
Vehicle assembly
Sources: Argonne National Laboratory; BNP Paribas estimates
25
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
xEV is a fast track to meet emission regulations
We believe xEV will be critical in automakers’ effort to meet emission regulations.
The CO2 emission regulation target in EU is 130g/km by 2015, and 95g/km by 2020.
Although not confirmed, the target is likely to be fixed at about 75g/km by 2025 as
the European Parliament approved in 2013 an indicative target of 68g/km to 78g/km
by 2025.
Exhibit 30: Global CO2 targets, grams/km
(grams/km)
EU
Japan
US (cars)
China
210
190
170
150
130
110
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
90
Sources: Source: ICCT, EU, ACEA, JAMA, EPA
There are heavy penalties for non-compliance. In the EU, if the average CO2
emissions of a manufacturer's fleet exceed its limit value in any year from 2012, the
manufacturer has to pay an excess emissions premium for each car registered.
This premium amounts to:
EUR5 for the first gram/km of exceedance
EUR15 for the second g/km
EUR25 for the third g/km
EUR95 for each subsequent g/km.
From 2019, the cost will be EUR95 from the first gram of exceedance onwards.
Exhibit 31: Fines for CO2 emission non-compliance
---------------------------- Fine -------------------------Excess emission
5
15
25
0-1
(EE)
1-2
1
(EE-1)
2-3
1
1
(EE-2)
>3
1
1
1
95
(EE-3)
Number of
vehicles
Formula
NV
(EE*5)*NV
NV
(1*5+(EE-1)*15)*NV
NV
(1*5+1*15+
(EE-2)*25)*NV
NV
(1*5+1*15+1*25+
(EE-3)*95)*NV
Sources: European commission; Accenture
The gasoline engine (2.4L) midsize sedan emits about 170-190g/km, and meeting
the emission target with existing gasoline engines would be a significant cost burden
to car makers as the potential fines could reach billions of USD. Regulation gives
manufacturers additional incentives (super credits) to produce vehicles with
extremely low emissions (below 50g/km) as these vehicles can get more weights in
counting the number vehicles in the fleet pools. We believe such emission
regulations will be the key driver for car makers to introduce xEV more aggressively
in the next five years.
26
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 32: CO2 reduction by various powertrain
(%)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
ICE
HEV
PHEV
EV
Sources: ACE lab; Hanyang University
Meeting the CO2 target is not the only regulation. Post the VW diesel scandal, our
Japan auto analyst, Clive Wiggins, outlined key issues in his report Trying to win a
negative-sum game (13 Oct 2015). European car makers’ preoccupation with diesel
can be partly explained by the high priority it has placed on addressing targets for
CO2, the greenhouse gas. However, in doing so it failed to meet NOx and particulate
matter (PM) regulations, after which VW allegedly tried to bypass the regulation by
manipulating devices.
Exhibit 33: Diesel engine NOx emission standards
(mg/km)
EU
US
Japan
300
250
200
150
100
50
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
0
Sources: JAMA; ICCT; BNP Paribas
Our auto research team assume a steeper electrification uptake than previously due
to: 1) an increasingly hostile environment for diesel—to which the VW scandal has
clearly contributed; 2) sustained government subsidy for renewable power
generation, notably in China and the EU, but recently also in Japan; and 3) slightly
faster improvements in battery efficiency and cost than seemed likely five years ago.
We see upside risk to xEV forecast from our auto research team when our steep
battery cost curve projection actually materializes.
27
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 34: NEVs (all electrified-propulsion vehicles) as % of light-vehicle sales
(%)
HEVs
16
PHEVs
BEVs
FCEVs
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Sources: BNP Paribas, industry associations, IEA, LMC
28
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Electric bus is already competitive – China is driving the change
We expect EV market growth to come in phases. The first phase will be driven by the
Chinese government in 2015-2016 thanks to strong policy support. With policy
support and compelling economics, electric bus sales are growing fast in China. The
passenger plug-in electric car market is growing fast and China has become the
largest market in the world. The resulting mass production of EV batteries will help
EV battery makers to achieve economies of scale earlier and become aggressive in
building more production capacities.
China is now the world’s largest EV market
The China EV market is growing rapidly, with sales up 240% y-y to 72,711 units in
1H15, outpacing the US by 38% and with momentum picking up in 2H15. In Jul-Aug
2015, the EV market in China (34,938 units sold) was 95% larger than in the US,
according to CAAM.
If the August sales level continues for the rest of 2015, we estimate total China EV
shipments will grow 142% y-y to 181,035 units in 2015, making China without doubt
the largest EV market globally.
Exhibit 35: Monthly sales trend of China and US market
('000s)
25
China
Exhibit 36: Electric vehicle sales trend
('000s)
200
US
Europe
China
US
180
160
20
140
120
15
100
80
10
60
40
5
20
0
0
2012
Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15
Sources: China Association of Automobile Manufacturers; Inside EV
2013
2014
2015E
Sources: Inside EV; China Association of Automobile Manufacturers; European
Automotive Industry Data; EV Obsession (Jose Pontes); BNP Paribas estimates.
China electric bus sales showing strong momentum
With strong government policy support and compelling economics, electric bus sales
are growing fast in China. Sales of new energy buses (which are mostly electric)
reached 17,076 units in 1H15 (+50.3% y-y), according to China's Ministry of Industry
and Information Technology (MIIT). Among new energy buses sold in 1H15, 76.9%
(13,131 units) are fully electric.
According to China Buses.org, Zhengzhou Yutong Bus (600066 CH, not rated)
produced and sold 2,784 units fully electric buses in Jul 2015 and had a 43.7%
market share, both monthly records. This implies the fully electric bus market size
was 6,370 units in Jul 2015. If July production levels of fully electric buses continue
throughout 2H15, we estimate the China electric bus market will grow 116% to
58,000 units in 2015, up from 27,000 in 2014 and 10,370 in 2013 (2013-2014
numbers are Research In China estimates).
The top five electric bus manufacturers are Zhengzhou Yutong Bus, Xiamen King
Long Motor Group (600686 CH, not listed), BYD (002594 CH, not rated), Nanjing
Golden Dragon Bus (not listed) and Zhongtong Bus (000957 CH, not rated).
Total bus sales in China in Jan-Aug 2015 were 260,202 units. Assuming sales for the
rest of 2015 stay at the average Jun-Aug level, the China bus market will be about
448,000 units in 2015. We estimate 13% of the market will be electric buses.
29
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 37: China EV market by electric bus and others
Others EV
('000s)
Exhibit 38: China total bus sales in 2015E
Electric bus
200
Large bus
17%
180
160
140
120
100
Medium bus
16%
80
60
Light bus
67%
40
20
0
2013
2014
2015E
Sources: China Buses.org; BNP Paribas estimates
Sources: MIIT; CAAM; China Buses; BNP Paribas estimates
The dramatic electric bus growth in China has been driven mainly by strong
government policy support. The Chinese government will gradually cut fuel subsidies
for traditional buses and shift financial support to electric models. There is about a
RMB500,000 purchasing subsidy for electric buses longer than 10m. In addition to
subsidies from the central government, new energy buses are also entitled to
subsidies from local governments, both one-off (depending on the size and energy
efficiency of the bus model) and ongoing (while buses are in operation). In Shanghai,
for example, electric buses attract a local government subsidy of RMB165,000 each
year; plug-in hybrid buses (including distance-enhancing bus models) attract a
subsidy of RMB70,000 each year; and the government offers financial help for eight
consecutive years to meet the extra operating costs of new energy vehicles.
Even without government subsidies, we think electric buses offer far better
economics than diesel buses over the life of the bus. Assuming a daily service range
of 150 miles and current energy prices in China (diesel & electricity), we estimate the
daily fuel cost of diesel and electric buses at USD212 and USD35, respectively
(electric buses cost 83% less). Assuming a service life of 10 years, we estimate the
fuel cost saving of electric buses at USD647,511. If oil prices rise from their current
depressed levels, the cost gap expands. Our estimates here are conservative as
diesel buses cost far more to maintain (oil changes, etc.) and electric buses attract
subsidies.
Exhibit 39: Energy cost of diesel bus vs electric bus in China
Diesel Bus
Diesel price (USD/gallon)
3.29
--------- Energy costs (USD) --------mile/galon
Diesel consumed (galon)
Per day
1-year
10-year
2.33
64
212
77,386
773,857
mile/kWh
Electricity consumed (kWh)
Per day
1-year
10-year
0.52
288
35
12,635
126,346
Electric Bus
Electricity price (USD/kWh)
0.12
--------- Energy costs (USD) ---------
Note: Used BYD K9 bus Electric bus mile/kWh; non-industrial electricity rate for China (0.77RMB/kWh); diesel bus
ranges 2-3mile/gallon (according to about.com, New York City found that while diesel buses averaged 2.33 miles per
gallon, natural gas buses averaged only 1.7 miles per gallon).
Sources: Want China Times; About.com; Global Petro Prices; BYD; BNP Paribas estimates
We believe electric buses can have faster penetration than passenger EVs as: 1)
they have pre-determined routes (so no range anxiety as with passenger EVs), and
can charge at car depots during overlay (no concern on charging station); 2) their
economics are compelling even without subsidies (savings on fuel costs outweigh
the upfront cost of electric buses); and 3) they help the government clean up air
pollution in major cities (fewer diesel buses).
We expect rapid penetration of electric buses in China, first in cities given the limited
range of current electric buses. While BYD’s K9 can drive 155miles with a 324kWh
battery pack, most other electric buses have smaller batteries.
30
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Larger battery opportunity for electric buses
According to China Buses.org, the Chinese government started to assess new
energy buses in Sep 2015. To ensure the high quality and reliability of new energy
buses, the assessment board sets a higher standard for bus safety and continuous
driving capability for new energy buses. The assessment certificate of buses is
essential for bus operators to obtain transport permits.
The requirement for hybrid buses is that they can drive for no less than 50km
continuously when tested under a 40km/h method. Electric buses should be able to
drive no less than 200km continuously when tested under a 40km/h method.
To meet the above standards, we expect hybrid and fully electric buses will require
50kWh and 250kWh batteries respectively. This is far larger than the typical
passenger EV’s 20-25kWh battery. Put another way, 30,000 fully electric buses
would consume as much battery capacity as 300,000 compact passenger EVs,
which is similar to the total global 2014 EV market size.
SDI’s Chinese customers include bus manufacturer Yutong and leading truck
manufacturer Foton. We expect China to account for 20% of SDI’s EV sales in 2015
and 30% in 2016, from almost 0% in 2014. Samsung SDI’s newly opened Xian
production line-1 has 1.2GWh pa capacity. This could produce 50,000 compact
passenger EV car batteries (24kWh, e.g. for the Nissan Leaf) each year, or just
4,800 electric bus batteries (250kWh).
Just like SDI, LG Chem also started its Nanjing production line in China in 2015
(1GWh in end-2015 and expand to 2.2GWh by end-2016), and it expects revenue
from China to reach ~10% in 2015 and 20% from 2016 onward. LG Chem also
supplies its battery to the largest electric bus maker Yutong among others.
31
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
PHEV, HEV and 48V battery
Not all xEV batteries are the same. EV batteries can be divided largely into energy
cell and power cell. The energy cell focuses on long driving range, and requires the
highest specific energy (Wh/kg) possible. The power cell focuses on high specific
power (W/kg) for car acceleration. It should be able to draw a large electronic current
for sudden bursts of power. The energy cell is what is used in EV, and power cell is
used for HEV. The PHEV is in-between and would need to have a balance between
energy and power.
The composition of cathode chemistry compound can change the battery type.
Nickel and cobalt increase specific energy. As such, to improve the specific energy,
battery makers increase the content of nickel and cobalt at the expense of other
materials such as manganese.
Manganese oxide has the manganese spinel structure (manganese in a threedimensional spinel shape), which remains stable even when charging. The threedimensional spinel structure improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in
lower internal resistance and improved current handling. The manganese oxide
would improve specific power (W/kg).
As such, even if the battery cell size is same, the power cell would have much lower
rated Ah capacity than energy cell, but a higher specific power than energy cell. As
such, even if the power cell for PHEV, and HEV has lower rated Ah capacity, the
price of the cell will not be cheaper. Accordingly, the price per kWh of the batteries for
PHEV and HEV would be more expensive than batteries for EV.
Low voltage battery systems, such as 12V and 48V battery for micro and mild HEV,
have additional requirements of very fast charge and discharge performance. The
mild-hybrid technology reduces fuel consumption by 10% to 15% compared to
conventional ICE as the fuel efficiency of vehicles improves by equipped stop/start
systems. This low voltage battery should provide sudden discharge of power and the
car starts after stop, and quickly recharges the battery using regenerative power
when the car stops. It should have super capacitor like performance. The price per
kWh would be most expensive for this class of battery when compared to EV energy
cell.
32
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 40: SDI’s xEV battery line up
Energy
Power
EV
HEV
PHEV
Hi-Cap
Leadership in high energy
density
Balanced performance for
high power and energy
Outstanding power
performance and durability
Combination of a super
capacitor and a lithium-ion
Chemistry
•
60Ah-Class - Industry`s
highest volumetric energy
density
•
26Ah (PHEV1), 28Ah
(PHEV2) – Industry`s
highest volumetric power
and energy density
•
5.2Ah – World`s most
compact and powerful cell
•
Developed for low voltage
systems which require
quick charging and
discharging performance
•
Durable design for a longterm performance stability
•
Compact, stackable design
facilitates simple
packaging and cell
modularity
•
5.9Ah (VDA size) –
Industry`s highest power
density
•
Optimized regenerative
braking energy
•
In series production for
European, US OEMs
•
In series production for
European OEMs
•
In series production for
mild hybrid SUVs, hybrid
supercars.
•
Long life, robust under
severe conditions
Source: Samsung SDI
33
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
48V battery to gain the most post-VW diesel scandal
European OEM automakers are making a strategic shift from clean diesel vehicles to
EV/PHEVs following the VW (VOW GR) emission issue. However, EV/PHEVs are
expensive and market penetration will take time, so the industry may also need a
“practical solution” such as 48V mild hybrids (HEVs) to comply with the
environmental regulations. We anticipate a much faster transition to car electrification
in whatever form this plays out.
1) Focus on overall eco-car market: Anticipate shift to car electrification after VW
scandal
The market for environmentally friendly vehicles (eco-cars) is starting to grow
worldwide. We attribute this expansion to tighter environmental regulations around
the world (e.g., zero emission vehicle (ZEV) program, NCAP), governments
introducing tax breaks for eco-cars, breakthroughs in battery and power
semiconductor technologies, and growing awareness among consumers. According
to TSR, the global market for eco-cars (total for start-stop, micro HEV, mild HEV,
strong HEV, PHEV, EV) totalled 15.61m units in 2014. The total eco-car market is
expected to exceed 60m units by 2023.
We expect the market for system parts to expand in line with this growth in the ecocar market. TSR estimates the parts market was worth some USD4.7b in 2014 and
expects this to rise to USD15.3b by 2023, with annual average growth of around
13% over the ten-year period between 2013 and 2023. Exhibit 42 shows the sales
outlook for the system parts market. The biggest growth on a value basis is for
motors, followed by inverters and on-board chargers. These parts are likely to drive
overall market growth, together accounting for at least 76% of the total system parts
market.
Exhibit 41: Trends forecast in the market for environmentally
friendly vehicles (eco-cars)
('000)
Start Stop
Strong Hybrid
70,000
Mild Hybrid
EV
60,000
Micro Hybrid
PHEV
Exhibit 42: Trends forecast for the system parts market
(USD m)
Starter
Motor
Inverter
Stabilizer
18,000
DC/DC
IBS
BMS
OBC
15,265
16,000
60,000
14,000
50,000
12,000
40,000
10,000
30,000
8,000
6,000
20,000
4,720
4,000
10,000
2,000
0
Sources: TSR
CY23E
CY22E
CY21E
CY20E
CY19E
CY18E
CY17E
CY16E
CY15E
CY14
CY13
CY23E
CY22E
CY21E
CY20E
CY19E
CY18E
CY17E
CY16E
CY15E
CY14
CY13
0
Sources: TSR
Eco-cars come in various types
Hybrid vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) come in various different types
depending on the design concepts and methods used. HEV/EVs can be broadly
categorized as 1) micro hybrids, 2) mild hybrids, 3) strong hybrids, 4) plug-in hybrids,
and 5) EVs.
1) Micro HEVs include start-stop and regenerative brake functions. The start-stop
function reduces fuel consumption by stopping the engine when idle (idling stop).
The regenerative brake function charges the battery using energy when decelerating
and reuses this energy to power air-conditioning and other systems. Micro HEVs
basically have no power assist function, with motor power only coming from the
internal combustion engine (ICE).
2) Mild HEVs are basically micro HEVs (start-stop + regenerative brake) plus a
power assist function. The key characteristic of a mild HEV is the engine power
34
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
assist function when the engine is restarting or accelerating. The assist function
works directly on the engine drive, so mild HEVs are more fuel-efficient than micro
HEVs. Mild HEVs only feature systems to “support” engine power, so these systems
cannot actually drive the motor.
3) Strong HEVs are mild HEVs (micro HEV + power assist) with the addition of
systems for electric driving functionality. Strong HEVs differ from mild HEVs in that
they have relatively larger batteries and motors, so they are capable of “selfpropulsion” through the power of the motor unit. Toyota’s (7203 JP) HEVs are typical
examples.
4) PHEVs feature strong HEV functionality plus the ability to charge the battery using
an external power source. They combine the benefits of a) EVs that emit no CO2 or
exhaust gases when running and b) long-distance travel through the use of both the
gasoline engine and the electric motor.
5) EVs do not use an ICE (gasoline or diesel) and are literally “automobiles” driven
by electric power. The most famous EV models are the Tesla (TSLA US) Model S
and Nissan (7201 JP) Leaf.
Exhibit 44: Correlation between cost and reduction in CO2
emissions
Exhibit 43: Types of HEV/EV
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Micro
Hybrid
Mild
Hybrid
Strong
Hybrid
Plug in
Hybrid
EV
Start/Stop
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Regenerative braking
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Max 70
100
Power assist
Electric drive
Plug-in
CO2 Reduction (%)
Max 10
Max 30
Max 50
CO2 reduction (%)
100
5) EV
80
4) PHEV
60
3) Strong HEV
40
2) Mild HEV
20
1) Micro HEV
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
User additional cost (USD)
EV has no internal combustion engine
Sources: TSR; BNP Paribas
Sources: TSR; BNP Paribas
48V mild hybrids likely to come to the fore post VW emission scandal
After the recent VW emissions scandal, we expect European automakers to move
away from developing mainly clean diesel vehicles and focus their attention on EVs
or PHEVs (in Europe, we expect a low development priority for the strong HEVs that
Toyota specializes in). However, EVs and PHEVs are expensive and the hefty price
tags may mean these vehicles are slow to penetrate the market; automakers may
not be able to comply with the environmental regulations through EVs and PHEVs
alone. We, therefore, pay attention to developing mild HEVs with 48V systems, as
well as EVs and PHEVs.
Mild HEVs that use 48V power supplies require lower additional costs than strong
HEVs and feature systems that improve fuel consumption by up to around 30%.
Such systems may prove particularly popular in Europe, where tough fuel
consumption targets may be imposed to reduce CO2 emissions to 95g/km by 2020.
The five German automakers, including Audi (NSU GR) and BMW (BMW GY), are
leading the transition to 48V mild HEVs, starting with an Audi model in 2016, and we
expect European, Japanese, and US OEM automakers to launch a series of
products. According to TSR, 48V products may be launched in Europe first, followed
by China and then other markets. TSR also forecasts the market to grow to around
4.75m units by 2023.
35
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 45: Audi’s iHEV 48V system
Exhibit 46: Trends forecast in the 48V system market
('000)
4,750
5,000
12V electrical system
12V lead acid batteries
4,000
3,700
3,000
2,650
1,920
2,000
1,210
1,000
565
48V lithium ion battery
DC-to-DC converter
70
48V alternator/motor
290
0
CY16E CY17E CY18E CY19E CY20E CY21E CY22E CY23E
Source: Nikkei Automotive (translated by BNP Paribas)
Sources: TSR and BNP Paribas estimates
2) Considerations on the potential for 48V electric power systems
Five advantages
So what are the benefits of introducing 48V systems? We see five main advantages.
1 More efficient vehicle fuel/power consumption: Increasing the voltage of drive
parts from 12V to 48V allows the amount of current to be lowered and reduces
electric power consumption. The reduction in the amount of current means a
smaller diameter harness can be used for power supply, which makes the car
body lighter, thus making fuel consumption even more efficient.
2 Smaller electrical components: With a change from a 12V to a 48V system,
electrical components like EPS and electric compressors can be smaller and
more efficient and a more compact motor can be used (or increased drive power
with the same size of motor).
3 No need for measures to protect against electric shock: Regulations require
measures to protect against electric shock with high-voltage HEV systems of 60V
and above, but no such measures are needed with 48V mild HEVs.
4 Cost advantages: Vehicles with 48V systems basically involve the conventional
12V systems with additional 48V systems built in, so they are practical to
develop. The ease with which this system change could be made could help
foster the transition to car electrification at low price tags, compared with PHEVs
or strong HEVs.
5 Batteries in the different electric power systems mutually complement each other:
The combined use of 12V and 48V systems (see Exhibit 47) means that one
electric power system can supplement the other system if it is down. Basically the
48V power supply system drives the motor, but if this 48V supply happens to
break down, the 12V power supply could be increased in voltage by a DC/DC
convertor to provide electric current.
36
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Exhibit 47: Examples where 48V systems could be introduced: Schematic diagram
of the switch to 48V systems for the main motor and auxiliary components
Sources: TSR; BNP Paribas
48V mild hybrids offer a practical solution
There is little doubt that the use of PHEVs and EVs will increase significantly in the
future; but, 48V mild HEVs have significant price benefits for the end-consumer.
According to TSR, the price premium versus regular ICE automobiles is around
USD5,000 for strong HEVs and USD10,000 for PHEVs, but only around USD2,500
for mild HEVs. EVs need rechargeable batteries with at least ten times the capacity
of strong HEVs or PHEVs, so they command even higher price premium.
Let’s look at the example of an end-consumer wanting to buy a mass-produced car
for around USD20,000. The initial cost will be some 25% higher than the budget for a
strong HEV and around 1.5 times higher for a PHEV. However, the consumer could
buy a 48V mild HEV with only a 12.5% increase over the target spend, making this a
much easier choice to make.
48V mild HEVs may be appealing for price-sensitive end-consumers. We think they
offer a practical solution from the perspective of both cost and environmental
regulations.
48V for the main motor: Alternator/motor
With 48V mild HEV vehicles, the main motor can be described in various ways,
including alternator/motor, alternator/starter, or motor/generator, but the main roles
are 1) engine power assist and 2) energy regeneration. Unlike with conventional
starters, the power assist also functions at times other than during the engine start,
so the system can also be described as a belted alternator/starter (BAS). One benefit
of using 48V in the main motor is that the vehicles can use motors with higher power
output.
48V for the auxiliary components: Potential for use in superchargers and water
pumps
Along with the use of 48V for the main motor, we expect automakers to make greater
use of 48V systems for auxiliary components like superchargers and water pumps.
The use of 48V reduces amperage to 1/4 and resistive loss to 1/16 that of
conventional systems, so fuel efficiency can be improved and CO2 emissions
reduced further when 48V is used for both main and auxiliary systems.
We expect superchargers, water pumps, and compressors to be the first systems
switched to 48V. Automakers plan to launch 48V superchargers in 2016 and water
pumps and compressors in 2016–17. The use of electric superchargers will allow
more vehicles to use compact engines and could contribute to more efficient fuel
consumption.
Compressors allow air-conditioning systems to be used even when the engine is not
running and also allow the use of smaller motors and less electric current. With water
pumps, cooling currently uses 12V systems, but there appears to be growing
demand from European luxury vehicle OEM companies to improve efficiency.
37
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
We expect a gradual transition to 48V for EPS. For example, JTEKT (6473 JP) is
already mass-producing EPS powered by a 48V motor, upgrading from the 12V
power supply. Radiator cooling fans may also be suited to the use of 48V systems.
Other parts that might be switched to 48V include window glass heaters, vacuum
pumps, fuel pumps, audio amps, and external lights. There may be other benefits for
use of 48V systems for these parts.
Exhibit 48: Examples of auxiliary components suited to 48V systems
Auxiliary component
Target output
Launch timing
Comments
－
2016-17
Switching to 48V EPS under consideration to allow higher-power EPS and smaller motors
Compressors
4-5kW
2016-17
Switching from 12V to 48V electric compressors would allow for smaller motors and lower amperage
Superchargers
4-5kW
2016
Assist from electric superchargers to enable engine downsizing
1kW
2017
Water pumps to cool the engine and surrounding auxiliary components. Currently 12V, but European OEM
automakers are requesting 1kW products for larger vehicles.
Approx. 1kW
－
Electric cooling fans to cool the radiator and other parts. The introduction of these products could be
considered where output above 1kW is needed.
Approx. 3L
－
Switch to 48V unlikely as higher revs and smaller motors with 48V systems may reduce valve life.
EPS
Water pumps
Cooling fans
Vacuum pumps
Sources: TSR; BNP Paribas
38
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
Samsung SDI
Profit and Loss (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
Revenue
Cost of sales ex depreciation
Gross profit ex depreciation
Other operating income
Operating costs
Operating EBITDA
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
5,016
5,474
7,757
6,570
2017E
6,717
(3,829)
(4,013)
(5,902)
(4,793)
(4,761)
1,187
1,461
1,855
1,777
1,956
0
0
0
0
0
(784)
(858)
(1,216)
(1,030)
(1,053)
403
604
639
747
903
(392)
(444)
(506)
(556)
(566)
Goodwill amortisation
(39)
(89)
(118)
(98)
(78)
Operating EBIT
(27)
71
15
94
259
Net financing costs
(19)
(110)
(16)
(15)
(9)
Associates
406
190
347
329
329
329
Depreciation
Recurring non operating income
258
262
347
329
Non recurring items
(27)
(23)
93
1,345
0
Profit before tax
184
199
439
1,753
580
Tax
(36)
(47)
(110)
(514)
(145)
Profit after tax
148
152
329
1,238
435
Minority interests
0
0
0
0
0
Preferred dividends
0
0
0
0
0
Other items
0
(232)
0
0
0
148
(80)
329
1,238
435
66
112
25
(844)
78
214
31
354
394
513
Reported net profit
Non recurring items & goodwill (net)
Recurring net profit
Per share (KRW)
Recurring EPS *
4,539
532
5,030
5,600
7,283
Reported EPS
3,135
(1,366)
4,676
17,592
6,177
DPS
1,969
1,179
999
999
999
Growth
Revenue (%)
(13.1)
9.1
41.7
(15.3)
2.2
Operating EBITDA (%)
(37.1)
49.7
5.9
16.8
20.9
176.0
Operating EBIT (%)
n/m
n/m
(79.1)
535.2
Recurring EPS (%)
n/m
(88.3)
845.1
11.3
30.1
Reported EPS (%)
(90.1)
n/m
n/m
276.2
(64.9)
15.9
18.6
17.4
18.6
20.7
8.0
11.0
8.2
11.4
13.4
(0.5)
1.3
0.2
1.4
3.9
Net margin (%)
4.3
0.6
4.6
6.0
7.6
Effective tax rate (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Dividend payout on recurring profit (%)
43.4
221.6
19.9
17.8
13.7
Interest cover (x)
14.0
3.8
29.4
34.1
75.2
Inventory days
51.7
58.9
47.8
48.1
44.5
Operating performance
Gross margin inc depreciation (%)
Operating EBITDA margin (%)
Operating EBIT margin (%)
Debtor days
51.3
53.3
51.3
61.5
55.5
Creditor days
105.7
100.6
76.7
85.8
79.7
Operating ROIC (%)
0.6
5.4
3.2
4.8
8.7
ROIC (%)
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.7
4.8
ROE (%)
2.8
0.3
3.0
3.1
3.8
ROA (%)
2.2
1.1
2.3
2.5
3.1
*Pre exceptional pre-goodwill and fully diluted
Source: Samsung SDI, BNP Paribas estimates
39
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
Samsung SDI
Cash Flow (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
Recurring net profit
214
31
354
394
513
Depreciation
392
444
506
556
566
Associates & minorities
(406)
(190)
(347)
(329)
(329)
Other non-cash items
(108)
(63)
(679)
(980)
(31)
Recurring cash flow
92
222
(166)
(359)
719
Change in working capital
(123)
10
(279)
269
(196)
Capex - maintenance
(667)
(476)
(834)
(800)
(800)
0
0
0
0
0
(698)
(244)
(1,279)
(890)
(277)
Capex - new investment
Free cash flow to equity
Net acquisitions & disposals
Dividends paid
Non recurring cash flows
Net cash flow
Equity finance
Debt finance
Movement in cash
2017E
(6)
69
(2)
1,852
(0)
(93)
(83)
(70)
(70)
(70)
105
36
581
0
0
(692)
(223)
(770)
891
(348)
0
0
0
0
0
82
(361)
121
(103)
(180)
(610)
(583)
(648)
788
(528)
Per share (KRW)
Recurring cash flow per share
FCF to equity per share
Balance Sheet (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
Working capital assets
Working capital liabilities
1,950
3,772
(2,358)
(5,100)
10,209
(14,806)
(4,155)
(18,170)
(12,651)
(3,942)
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
1,302
1,827
2,210
1,539
1,894
(1,112)
(1,279)
(1,383)
(981)
(1,140)
Net working capital
191
548
827
558
754
Tangible fixed assets
1,788
3,325
3,552
3,113
3,297
Operating invested capital
1,978
3,873
4,379
3,671
4,051
0
0
0
0
0
167
1,279
1,313
1,048
970
Investments
1,609
2,449
2,918
2,793
2,793
Other assets
4,929
5,381
5,663
5,883
6,162
Invested capital
8,847
13,106
14,425
13,573
14,183
Cash & equivalents
(2,160)
Goodwill
Other intangible assets
(761)
(1,708)
(849)
(2,414)
Short term debt
415
975
1,048
814
736
Long term debt *
769
803
899
799
699
Net debt
423
69
1,098
(801)
(724)
0
0
0
0
0
659
1,049
1,049
884
904
13,635
Deferred tax
Other liabilities
Total equity
7,542
11,711
11,954
13,151
Minority interests
164
240
267
294
323
Invested capital
8,847
13,106
14,425
13,573
14,183
* includes convertables and preferred stock which is being treated as debt
Per share (KRW)
Book value per share
159,703
166,272
169,731
186,728
193,611
Tangible book value per share
156,161
148,101
151,075
171,841
179,830
Net debt/equity (%)
5.5
0.6
9.0
(6.0)
(5.2)
Net debt/total assets (%)
4.0
0.4
6.7
(4.8)
(4.2)
Current ratio (x)
1.4
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
Recurring P/E (x) *
24.2
206.7
21.9
19.6
15.1
Recurring P/E @ target price (x) *
31.3
266.8
28.2
25.4
19.5
Reported P/E (x)
35.1
n/a
23.5
6.3
17.8
1.8
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
P/CF (x)
56.4
29.2
(46.7)
(21.6)
10.8
P/FCF (x)
Financial strength
Valuation
Dividend yield (%)
(7.4)
(26.5)
(6.1)
(8.7)
(27.9)
Price/book (x)
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
Price/tangible book (x)
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
EV/EBITDA (x) **
22.1
10.3
13.4
10.9
8.1
EV/EBITDA @ target price (x) **
26.3
12.4
15.6
13.4
11.1
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
EV/invested capital (x)
* Pre exceptional & pre-goodwill and fully diluted
** EBITDA includes associate income and recurring non operating income
Source: Samsung SDI, BNP Paribas estimates
40
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
LG Chem
Profit and Loss (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
Revenue
23,144
22,578
21,047
23,097
24,267
(18,789)
(18,424)
(16,322)
(18,240)
(19,407)
4,354
4,154
4,725
4,858
4,861
-
-
-
-
-
(1,566)
(1,693)
(1,702)
(1,710)
(1,719)
Cost of sales ex depreciation
Gross profit ex depreciation
Other operating income
Operating costs
Operating EBITDA
Depreciation
Goodwill amortisation
2,788
2,461
3,023
3,147
3,142
(1,045)
(1,150)
(1,094)
(1,071)
(1,055)
0
0
0
0
0
1,743
1,311
1,929
2,077
2,087
(26)
(49)
(35)
(36)
(35)
5
23
19
18
17
(13)
8
15
14
13
Non recurring items
(103)
(111)
(87)
0
0
Profit before tax
1,601
1,159
1,822
2,054
2,065
Tax
(331)
(306)
(468)
(519)
(522)
Profit after tax
1,271
854
1,354
1,535
1,543
Operating EBIT
Net financing costs
Associates
Recurring non operating income
Minority interests
(5)
14
(16)
(9)
(9)
Preferred dividends
0
0
0
0
0
Other items
-
-
-
-
-
1,266
867
1,337
1,526
1,534
Reported net profit
Non recurring items & goodwill (net)
103
111
87
0
0
1,369
978
1,424
1,526
1,534
Recurring EPS *
18,727
13,386
19,486
20,875
20,987
Reported EPS
17,319
11,866
18,292
20,875
20,987
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
(0.5)
(2.4)
(6.8)
9.7
5.1
0.2
(11.7)
22.9
4.1
(0.2)
Operating EBIT (%)
(8.7)
(24.8)
47.2
7.6
0.5
Recurring EPS (%)
(7.8)
(28.5)
45.6
7.1
0.5
Reported EPS (%)
(15.4)
(31.5)
54.2
14.1
0.5
Gross margin inc depreciation (%)
14.3
13.3
17.3
16.4
15.7
Operating EBITDA margin (%)
12.0
10.9
14.4
13.6
12.9
Operating EBIT margin (%)
7.5
5.8
9.2
9.0
8.6
Net margin (%)
5.9
4.3
6.8
6.6
6.3
Effective tax rate (%)
20.6
26.4
25.7
25.3
25.3
Dividend payout on recurring profit (%)
21.4
29.9
20.5
19.2
19.1
Interest cover (x)
66.1
27.1
56.1
58.2
60.7
Inventory days
50.4
52.3
56.0
48.2
48.6
Debtor days
52.0
54.2
55.3
49.8
50.9
Creditor days
27.1
25.8
30.6
29.3
29.5
Operating ROIC (%)
14.5
10.6
16.0
17.6
17.4
ROIC (%)
13.4
9.8
14.5
15.9
15.8
ROE (%)
12.3
8.2
11.2
11.1
10.2
ROA (%)
8.2
5.7
7.9
7.9
7.4
Recurring net profit
Per share (KRW)
DPS
Growth
Revenue (%)
Operating EBITDA (%)
Operating performance
*Pre exceptional pre-goodwill and fully diluted
Revenue By Division (KRW b)
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
Petrochemical Revenue
17,616
17,265
12,891
12,873
13,428
6,267
6,486
9,609
10,224
10,839
Information and electronic materials Revenue
Source: LG Chem, BNP Paribas estimates
41
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
LG Chem
Cash Flow (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
Recurring net profit
1,369
978
1,424
1,526
1,534
Depreciation
1,045
1,150
1,094
1,071
1,055
Associates & minorities
2017E
-
-
-
-
-
Other non-cash items
358
165
(26)
55
56
Recurring cash flow
2,772
2,293
2,493
2,652
2,645
Change in working capital
(339)
(471)
837
(385)
(221)
-
-
-
-
-
(1,361)
(1,411)
(1,200)
(1,000)
(1,000)
1,072
412
2,130
1,267
1,424
-
-
-
-
-
(292)
(292)
(292)
(292)
(292)
Non recurring cash flows
(19)
(178)
0
0
0
Net cash flow
761
(59)
1,837
975
1,131
0
Capex - maintenance
Capex - new investment
Free cash flow to equity
Net acquisitions & disposals
Dividends paid
Equity finance
0
0
0
0
(199)
(100)
0
0
0
562
(159)
1,837
975
1,131
Recurring cash flow per share
37,925
31,374
34,105
36,281
36,183
FCF to equity per share
14,670
5,631
29,135
17,338
19,476
Balance Sheet (KRW b) Year Ending Dec
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
6,104
6,372
5,588
6,105
6,400
(2,391)
(2,603)
(2,661)
(2,797)
(2,874)
Net working capital
3,713
3,768
2,928
3,308
3,526
Tangible fixed assets
8,560
8,700
8,764
8,634
8,519
12,272
12,468
11,692
11,942
12,044
Debt finance
Movement in cash
Per share (KRW)
Working capital assets
Working capital liabilities
Operating invested capital
Goodwill
-
-
-
-
-
Other intangible assets
263
525
506
506
506
Investments
454
523
542
559
576
Other assets
138
239
239
239
239
Invested capital
13,127
13,755
12,979
13,246
13,366
Cash & equivalents
(1,928)
(1,769)
(3,607)
(4,582)
(5,713)
2,207
2,206
2,206
2,206
2,206
804
728
728
728
728
1,083
1,164
(673)
(1,648)
(2,779)
Short term debt
Long term debt *
Net debt
Deferred tax
Other liabilities
Total equity
-
-
-
-
-
319
325
325
325
325
15,660
11,597
12,140
13,185
14,418
Minority interests
129
126
142
151
160
Invested capital
13,127
13,755
12,979
13,246
13,366
* includes convertables and preferred stock which is being treated as debt
Per share (KRW)
Book value per share
158,645
166,073
180,365
197,240
214,227
Tangible book value per share
155,046
158,891
173,443
190,318
207,305
Net debt/equity (%)
9.2
9.5
(5.1)
(11.3)
(17.6)
Net debt/total assets (%)
6.2
6.4
(3.5)
(8.0)
(12.7)
Current ratio (x)
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.4
2013A
2014A
2015E
2016E
2017E
Recurring P/E (x) *
16.0
22.4
15.4
14.3
14.3
Recurring P/E @ target price (x) *
16.3
22.8
15.7
14.6
14.5
Reported P/E (x)
17.3
25.2
16.4
14.3
14.3
Dividend yield (%)
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
P/CF (x)
7.9
9.5
8.8
8.3
8.3
20.4
53.2
10.3
17.3
15.4
Price/book (x)
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
Price/tangible book (x)
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.4
EV/EBITDA (x) **
8.4
9.5
7.4
6.6
6.3
EV/EBITDA @ target price (x) **
8.0
9.1
7.4
7.1
7.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
Financial strength
Valuation
P/FCF (x)
EV/invested capital (x)
* Pre exceptional & pre-goodwill and fully diluted
** EBITDA includes associate income and recurring non operating income
Source: LG Chem, BNP Paribas estimates
42
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
PANASONIC CORP
Profit and Loss (JPY b) Year Ending Mar
Revenue
Cost of sales (incl depreciation)
Gross profit
SG&A
R&D
Operating profit
Interest and dividends received
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
7,736.5
7,715.0
7,835.4
8,204.7
8,392.9
(5,638.9)
(5,527.2)
(5,585.3)
(5,824.0)
(5,944.2)
2,097.7
2,187.8
2,250.1
2,380.8
2,448.6
(1,792.6)
(1,805.9)
(1,815.2)
(1,900.8)
(1,944.4)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
305.1
381.9
434.9
480.0
504.2
12.6
16.4
22.6
25.4
28.6
Associates
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other non-operating income
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Interest paid
(21.9)
(17.6)
(19.5)
(19.5)
(19.5)
Other non-operating expenses
(89.6)
(198.3)
(102.9)
(80.0)
(70.0)
Extraordinary gains
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Extraordinary losses
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Pre-tax profit
206.2
182.5
335.1
405.9
443.4
Tax
(89.7)
(2.0)
(115.1)
(142.1)
(155.2)
(1.2)
(16.9)
(21.0)
(21.0)
(21.6)
Net profit
120.4
179.5
212.2
256.8
281.0
EBITDA (operating profit + depreciation)
583.9
624.1
699.9
759.0
798.0
Reported EPS
52.1
77.6
91.7
111.0
121.4
DPS
13.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
Revenue (%)
5.9
(0.3)
1.6
4.7
2.3
EBITDA (%)
27.9
6.9
12.2
8.4
5.1
Operating profit (%)
89.6
25.2
13.9
10.4
5.0
Recurring profit (%)
-
-
-
-
-
n/m
49.0
18.1
21.1
9.4
Minorities*
Per share (JPY)
Growth
EPS (%)
Operating performance
Gross margin inc depreciation (%)
23.5
25.2
25.3
25.6
25.7
EBITDA margin (%)
7.5
8.1
8.9
9.3
9.5
Operating profit margin (%)
3.9
5.0
5.6
5.9
6.0
Net margin (%)
1.6
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.3
Effective tax rate (%)
43.5
1.1
34.4
35.0
35.0
Dividend payout on net profit (%)
25.0
23.2
21.8
19.8
19.8
3.1
1.9
4.4
6.5
8.3
Inventory days
49.8
50.0
50.2
49.7
50.4
Debtor days
45.9
47.3
46.6
45.9
46.4
Creditor days
56.0
63.4
64.8
64.1
64.9
Operating ROIC (%)
12.8
35.1
27.7
29.1
29.7
ROIC (%)
6.8
17.0
13.0
13.9
14.4
ROE (%)
8.6
10.7
11.1
12.2
12.1
ROA (%)
3.3
7.0
4.9
5.2
5.2
Interest cover (x)
*Pre exceptional pre-goodwill and fully diluted
* Net profit for US GAAP. Source: PANASONIC CORP, BNP Paribas estimates
43
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
PANASONIC CORP
Cash Flow (JPY b) Year Ending Mar
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
206.2
182.5
335.1
405.9
443.4
89.7
2.0
115.1
142.1
155.2
278.8
242.1
265.0
279.0
293.8
Working capital
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other
7.3
64.9
(229.1)
(307.1)
(314.8)
Pre-tax profit*
Tax paid
Depreciation
Operating cash flow
582.0
491.5
486.1
519.9
577.5
Capital expenditure
(217.0)
(226.7)
(285.0)
(287.2)
(293.8)
229.1
364.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.1
138.0
(285.0)
(287.2)
(293.8)
Free cash flow
594.1
629.5
201.1
232.7
283.8
Change in debt
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Dividends paid
(25.2)
(59.2)
(41.6)
(46.3)
(50.9)
Net buybacks
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Equity issued
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other
(507.1)
316.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Financing cash flow
(532.3)
257.6
(41.6)
(46.3)
(50.9)
Gross change in cash
96.2
688.1
159.5
186.4
232.9
Other adjustments
(1.7)
18.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
Change in cash
94.5
706.4
159.5
186.4
232.9
Operating cash flow per share
251.8
212.6
209.8
223.9
248.4
FCF per share
257.0
272.2
86.9
100.6
122.6
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
Other
Investing cash flow
Per share (JPY)
Balance Sheet (JPY b)
Cash & equivalents
592.5
1,298.9
1,458.4
1,644.8
1,877.7
1,007.4
992.1
1,007.6
1,055.1
1,079.3
Inventories
750.7
762.7
774.6
811.1
829.7
Other
303.4
359.1
359.1
359.1
359.1
Current assets
2,654.0
3,412.7
3,599.6
3,870.1
4,145.7
Tangible fixed assets
1,425.4
1,374.8
1,394.8
1,403.0
1,403.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Investments and other assets
1,133.6
1,169.4
1,169.4
1,169.4
1,169.4
Total assets
5,213.0
5,956.9
6,163.9
6,442.5
6,718.2
937.0
983.3
998.7
1,045.7
1,069.7
84.7
260.5
260.5
260.5
260.5
(1,416.1)
(1,489.0)
(1,489.0)
(1,489.0)
(1,489.0)
A/c receivable
Intangible fixed assets
A/c payable
Short term debt
Other
Current liabilities
2,437.9
2,732.8
2,748.1
2,795.2
2,819.2
Long term debt
557.4
712.4
712.4
712.4
712.4
Other
631.3
519.2
519.2
519.2
519.2
Long-term liabilities
1,188.7
1,231.6
1,231.6
1,231.6
1,231.6
Total liabilities
3,626.6
3,964.4
3,979.7
4,026.8
4,050.8
Common equity
1,548.2
1,823.3
1,993.8
2,204.4
2,434.4
Preferred equity
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.3
169.3
190.3
211.3
232.9
Net Assets
1,586.4
1,992.6
2,184.1
2,415.7
2,667.4
Liabilities & net assets
5,213.0
5,956.9
6,163.9
6,442.5
6,718.2
Minorities etc
*includes convertibles and preferred stock which is being treated as debt
Per share (JPY)
Book value per share
670
789
861
950
1,047
Tangible book value per share
670
789
861
950
1,047
Net debt/equity (%)
3.1
(16.4)
(22.2)
(27.8)
(33.9)
Net debt/total assets (%)
1.0
(5.5)
(7.9)
(10.4)
(13.5)
Current ratio (x)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
CF interest cover (x)
7.0
4.2
3.0
4.1
5.7
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
P/E (x) *
27.0
18.1
15.4
12.7
11.6
P/E @ target price (x) *
38.4
25.8
21.8
18.0
16.5
Reported P/E (x)
27.0
18.1
15.4
12.7
11.6
Dividend yield (%)
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
P/CF (x)
5.6
6.6
6.7
6.3
5.6
P/FCF (x)
5.5
5.2
16.2
14.0
11.5
Price/book (x)
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
Price/tangible book (x)
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
EV/EBITDA (x) **
6.2
5.2
4.3
3.8
3.4
EV/EBITDA @ target price (x) **
7.9
7.4
6.6
6.1
5.8
EV/invested capital (x)
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Financial strength
Valuation
** Pre exceptional & pre-goodwill and fully diluted
**EBITDA includes associate income and recurring non-operating income
* Net profit for US GAAP. Source: PANASONIC CORP, BNP Paribas estimates
44
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
Nidec Corp
Profit and Loss (JPY b) Year Ending Mar
Revenue
Cost of sales (incl depreciation)
Gross profit
SG&A
R&D
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
875.1
1,028.4
1,235.2
1,360.4
1,454.3
(674.9)
(786.2)
(946.7)
(1,028.1)
(1,083.5)
200.2
242.2
288.5
332.3
370.8
(115.3)
(131.0)
(153.4)
(169.3)
(181.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
84.9
111.2
134.7
163.0
189.8
Interest and dividends received
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.8
3.1
Associates
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other non-operating income
(0.1)
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Interest paid
(1.5)
(1.5)
(1.3)
(1.3)
(1.3)
Other non-operating expenses
Operating profit
(1.2)
(5.5)
2.6
0.0
0.0
Extraordinary gains
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Extraordinary losses
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
84.5
107.4
138.7
164.5
191.8
(48.0)
Pre-tax profit
Tax
(25.7)
(29.1)
(33.3)
(41.1)
Minorities*
(2.5)
(2.1)
(1.0)
(0.8)
(1.0)
Net profit
56.3
76.2
104.4
122.6
142.9
129.3
162.7
194.7
230.5
265.4
194.0
256.7
355.7
417.8
486.9
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
EBITDA (operating profit + depreciation)
Per share (JPY)
Reported EPS
DPS
Growth
Revenue (%)
23.4
17.5
20.1
10.1
6.9
EBITDA (%)
131.5
25.8
19.7
18.4
15.1
Operating profit (%)
382.2
31.1
21.1
21.0
16.4
Recurring profit (%)
-
-
-
-
-
605.6
32.4
38.6
17.4
16.6
Gross margin inc depreciation (%)
17.8
18.5
18.5
19.5
20.3
EBITDA margin (%)
14.8
15.8
15.8
16.9
18.2
9.7
10.8
10.9
12.0
13.1
EPS (%)
Operating performance
Operating profit margin (%)
Net margin (%)
Effective tax rate (%)
Dividend payout on net profit (%)
6.4
7.4
8.5
9.0
9.8
30.4
27.1
24.0
25.0
25.0
26.7
25.8
27.3
25.3
26.3
210.1
28.9
n/a
n/a
n/a
Inventory days
60.6
68.6
72.6
76.6
78.8
Debtor days
74.1
77.0
77.3
80.5
81.6
Creditor days
81.3
83.9
83.6
89.0
91.6
Operating ROIC (%)
-
-
-
-
-
ROIC (%)
-
-
-
-
-
ROE (%)
12.1
12.1
13.3
14.1
14.8
ROA (%)
5.4
6.4
7.2
8.0
8.6
Interest cover (x)
*Pre exceptional pre-goodwill and fully diluted
* Net profit for US GAAP. Source: Nidec Corp, BNP Paribas estimates
45
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Financial statements
Nidec Corp
Cash Flow (JPY b) Year Ending Mar
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
Pre-tax profit*
84.5
107.4
138.7
164.5
191.8
Tax paid
25.7
29.1
33.3
41.1
48.0
Depreciation
44.4
51.4
60.0
67.5
75.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(37.8)
(36.6)
(66.6)
(82.2)
(95.9)
Working capital
Other
Operating cash flow
87.2
91.9
126.8
165.3
200.3
Capital expenditure
(40.0)
(58.0)
(90.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
Other
(23.1)
(23.2)
0.0
0.0
0.0
Investing cash flow
(63.2)
(81.2)
(90.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
Free cash flow
24.0
10.6
36.8
65.3
100.3
Change in debt
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Dividends paid
(12.3)
(16.5)
(26.1)
(31.9)
(37.7)
Net buybacks
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Equity issued
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other
25.8
(3.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
Financing cash flow
13.5
(19.5)
(26.1)
(31.9)
(37.7)
Gross change in cash
54.3
22.2
10.7
33.4
62.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
54.3
22.2
10.7
33.4
62.6
316.3
312.4
436.8
569.7
690.1
82.9
35.9
125.3
222.7
341.7
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
Cash & equivalents
247.7
269.9
280.6
314.0
376.5
A/c receivable
196.3
237.6
285.4
314.3
336.0
Inventories
124.3
171.0
205.4
226.2
241.8
48.1
52.0
52.0
52.0
52.0
Current assets
616.4
730.5
823.3
906.5
1,006.4
Tangible fixed assets
298.7
339.0
369.0
401.5
425.9
Intangible fixed assets
152.4
172.4
172.4
172.4
172.4
99.5
113.2
113.2
113.2
113.2
1,166.9
1,355.1
1,478.0
1,593.6
1,717.9
166.4
195.0
238.6
262.7
280.9
51.8
97.9
97.9
97.9
97.9
Other
(64.3)
(71.3)
(71.3)
(71.3)
(71.3)
Current liabilities
282.6
364.1
407.7
431.9
450.0
Long term debt
299.4
184.6
184.6
184.6
184.6
44.2
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
Long-term liabilities
343.6
237.7
237.7
237.7
237.7
Total liabilities
626.1
601.8
645.4
669.6
687.7
Common equity
518.0
745.2
823.5
914.1
1,019.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.8
8.1
9.1
9.9
10.9
Other adjustments
Change in cash
Per share (JPY)
Operating cash flow per share
FCF per share
Balance Sheet (JPY b)
Other
Investments and other assets
Total assets
A/c payable
Short term debt
Other
Preferred equity
Minorities etc
Net Assets
Liabilities & net assets
540.8
753.3
832.6
924.1
1,030.2
1,166.9
1,355.1
1,478.0
1,593.6
1,717.9
*includes convertibles and preferred stock which is being treated as debt
Per share (JPY)
Book value per share
1,879
2,534
2,837
3,150
3,512
Tangible book value per share
1,326
1,947
2,243
2,556
2,918
Financial strength
Net debt/equity (%)
Net debt/total assets (%)
Current ratio (x)
19.1
1.7
0.2
(3.4)
(9.1)
8.9
0.9
0.1
(2.0)
(5.5)
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.1
60.5
3.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
2014A
2015A
2016E
2017E
2018E
P/E (x) *
50.2
37.9
27.4
23.3
20.0
P/E @ target price (x) *
60.3
45.6
32.9
28.0
24.1
Reported P/E (x)
50.2
37.9
27.4
23.3
20.0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
24.2
19.1
17.3
15.0
13.0
CF interest cover (x)
Valuation
Dividend yield (%)
P/CF (x)
P/FCF (x)
117.5
271.4
77.7
43.7
28.5
Price/book (x)
5.2
3.8
3.4
3.1
2.8
Price/tangible book (x)
7.3
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.3
EV/EBITDA (x) **
21.6
17.5
14.7
12.2
10.4
EV/EBITDA @ target price (x) **
24.7
20.5
17.6
14.7
12.8
4.1
3.5
3.2
3.0
2.8
EV/invested capital (x)
** Pre exceptional & pre-goodwill and fully diluted
**EBITDA includes associate income and recurring non-operating income
* Net profit for US GAAP. Source: Nidec Corp, BNP Paribas estimates
46
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
NOTES
NOTES
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
47
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
NOTES
NOTES
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
48
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
NOTES
NOTES
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
49
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: TECHNOLOGY
Peter Yu, CFA
Disclaimers and Disclosures
APPENDIX
DISCLAIMERS AND DISCLOSURES APPLICABLE TO NON-US BROKER-DEALER(S): BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES (ASIA) LTD , BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES
(JAPAN) LTD, BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES KOREA CO LTD
ANALYST(S) CERTIFICATION
Peter Yu, CFA, BNP Paribas Securities Korea Co Ltd , +822 2125 0535, peter.yu@asia.bnpparibas.com
Yong Liang Por, BNP Paribas Securities (Asia) Ltd , +852 2825 1877, yongliang.por@asia.bnpparibas.com
Masahiro Wakasugi, BNP Paribas Securities (Japan) Ltd, +813 6377 2240, masahiro.wakasugi@japan.bnpparibas.com
The BNP Paribas Securities (Asia) Ltd , BNP Paribas Securities (Japan) Ltd, BNP Paribas Securities Korea Co Ltd Analysts mentioned in this disclaimer are
employed by a non-US affiliate of BNP Paribas Securities Corp., and are not registered/ qualified pursuant to NYSE and/or FINRA regulations
The individual(s) identified above certify(ies) that (i) all views expressed in this report accurately reflect the personal view of the analyst(s) with regard to
any and all of the subject securities, companies or issuers mentioned in this report; and (ii) no part of the compensation of the analyst(s) was, is, or will be,
directly or indirectly, related to the specific recommendations or views expressed herein.
IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES REQUIRED IN THE UNITED STATES BY FINRA RULES AND OTHER JURISDICTIONS
"BNP Paribas” is the marketing name for the global banking and markets business of BNP Paribas Group. No portion of this report was prepared by BNP
Paribas Securities Corp (US) personnel, and it is considered Third-Party Affiliate research under NASD Rule 2711. The following disclosures relate to
relationships between companies covered in this research report and the BNP entity identified on the cover of this report, BNP Securities Corp., and other
entities within the BNP Paribas Group (collectively, "BNP Paribas").
The disclosure column in the following table lists the important disclosures applicable to each company that has been rated and/or recommended in this
report:
Company
Ticker
PANASONIC CORP
6752 JP
Disclosure (as applicable)
2, 3, 4
Samsung SDI
006400 KS
2, 3, 4
BNP Paribas represents that:
1. Within the past year, it has managed or co-managed a public offering for this company, for which it received fees.
2. It had an investment banking relationship with this company in the last 12 months.
3. It received compensation for investment banking services from this company in the last 12 months.
4. It expects to receive or intends to seek compensation for investment banking services from the subject company/ies in the next 3 months.
5. It beneficially owns 1% or more of any class of common equity securities of the subject company.
6. It makes a market in securities in respect of this company.
7. The analyst(s) or an individual who assisted in the preparation of this report (or a member of his/her household) has a financial interest position in
securities issued by this company. The financial interest is in the common stock of the subject company, unless otherwise noted.
8. The analyst (or a member of his/her household) is an officer, director, or advisory board member of this company or has received compensation from the
company.
IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES REQUIRED IN KOREA
The disclosure column in the following table lists the important disclosures applicable to each Korea listed company that has been rated and/or
recommended in this report:
Company
LG Chem
Samsung SDI
Ticker
051910 KS
006400 KS
Price (as of 13-Nov-2015 closing price)
KRW299,500
KRW110,000
Interest
N/A
N/A
1.
The performance of obligations of the Company is directly or indirectly guaranteed by BNP Paribas Securities Korea Co. Ltd (“BNPPSK”) by means of
payment guarantees, endorsements, and provision of collaterals and/or taking over the obligations.
2. BNPPSK owns 1/100 or more of the total outstanding shares issued by the Company.
3. The Company is an affiliate of BNPPSK as prescribed by Item 3, Article 2 of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act.
4. BNPPSK is the financial advisory agent of the Company for the Merger and Acquisition transaction or of the Target Company whereby the size of the
transaction does not exceed 5/100 of the total asset of the Company or the total number of outstanding shares.
5. BNPPSK has taken financial advisory service regarding listing to the Company within the past 1 year.
6. With regards to the tender offer initiated by the Company based on Item 2, Article 133 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Market Act,
BNPPSK acts in the capacity of the agent for the tender offer designated either by the Company or by the target company, provided that this provision
shall apply only where tender offer has not expired.
7. The listed company which issued the stocks in question in case where 40 days has not passed since the new shares were listed from the date of entering
into arrangement for public offering or underwriting-related agreement for issuance of stocks
8. The Company that has signed a nominated advisor contract with BNPPSK as defined in Item 2 of Article 8 of the KONEX Market Listing Regulation.
9. The Company is recognized as having considerable interests with BNPPSK in relation to No.1 to No. 8.
10. The analyst or his/her spouse owns (including delivery claims of marketable securities based on legal regulations and trading and misc. contracts) the
following securities or rights (hereinafter referred to as “Securities, etc.” in this Article) regardless of whose name is used in the trading.
1) Stocks, bond with stock certificate, and certificate of pre-emptive rights issued by the Company whose securities dealings are being solicited.
2) Stock options of the Company whose securities dealings are being solicited.
3) Individual stock future, stock option, and warrants that use the stocks specified in Item 1) as underlying.
50
BNP PARIBAS
17 NOVEMBER 2015
Sur le même sujet..
specific
exhibit
other
battery
power
energy
expect
profit
electric
which
peter
batteries
price
technology
paribas